تمرین تحت فشار روانی و کانونی کردن توجه بر یادگیری ضربۀ بیلیارد

قره لر, مهدیه; شجاعی, معصومه; محمدزاده, حسن

doi:10.22059/jmlm.2019.251111.1346

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license I Open Access I

نویسندگان

¹ دانشجوی دکتری، گروه تربیت بدنی، دانشکدۀ علوم پایه، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

² دانشیار دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه الزهراء (س)، تهران، ایران

³ استاد دانشکدۀ علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22059/jmlm.2019.251111.1346

چکیده

شرایط روانی بر کانون توجه اثر داشته و نقش تعدیل‌کننده‌ای در تأثیرات آن بر اجرا و یادگیری حرکتی دارد. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر تمرین تحت فشار روانی و کانونی کردن توجه با دستورالعمل آموزشی بر یادگیری ضربۀ بیلیارد انجام گرفت. شرکت‌کننده‌ها 48 دانشجوی دختر داوطلب (23-19 سال) بودند که به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند و در چهار گروه آزمایشی (توجه درونی و فشار کم و زیاد، توجه بیرونی و فشار کم و زیاد) جایگزین شده و بعد از پیش‌آزمون به مدت 8 جلسه به تمرین پرداختند. آزمون اکتساب در آخرین جلسۀ تمرین و آزمون‌های یادداری با تأخیر 2 و 10 روز بعد از آخرین جلسۀ تمرین انجام گرفت. دقت ضربات براساس فاصلۀ برخورد توپ از گودال امتیازگذاری شد. نتایج آزمون یو من – ویتنی برتری توجه درونی در آزمون اکتساب و یادداری با تأخیر 10 روز و برتری تمرین تحت فشار کم در آزمون یادداری با تأخیر 10 روز (05/0P<) و نتایج آزمون کروسکال - والیس و مقایسه‌های زوجی برتری اکتساب توجه درونی در فشار زیاد نسبت به توجه بیرونی در فشار زیاد و برتری یادداری تأخیری توجه درونی در فشار کم نسبت به توجه بیرونی در فشار زیاد را نشان داد (05/0P<). به‌نظر می‌رسد با توجه به نوع مهارت از نظر عدم تغییر شرایط محیطی و نیاز به دقت و توجه زیاد به‌خصوص در مراحل اولیۀ یادگیری، تمرین افراد مبتدی در شرایط فشار روانی کم و جهت‌دهی درونی توجه به یادداری تأخیری بیشتری منتج می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Practice under Psychological Pressure and Attention Focusing on the Learning Billiard Shot

نویسندگان [English]

Mahdiyeh Gharelar ¹
Masumeh Shojaei ²
Hasan Mohammadzadeh ³

¹ PhD Student, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

² Associate Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

³ Professor, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

چکیده [English]

Psychological states affect focus of attention and play a mediating role in its effect on motor performance and learning. The present study investigated the effect of practice under psychological pressure and attention focusing with instruction on learning billiard shot. Participants were 48 female volunteer students (19-23 years old) who were randomly selected and assigned to 4 experimental groups (internal focus under high and low pressure, external focus under high and low pressure). The groups practiced for 8 sessions after the pretest. Acquisition test was performed in the last session of practice, and the retention test was conducted with 2 and 10 days of delay after the last practice session. The accuracy of the shots was scored according to the distance of the ball from the pit. The results of U Mann-Whitney test showed priority of internal attention in the acquisition and 10-day delay retention tests and priority of practice under low pressure in 10-day delay retention test (P<0.05). The results of Kruskal–Wallis test and pairwise comparisons indicated priority of the acquisition of internal attention under high pressure on external attention under high pressure and the priority of delayed retention of internal attention under low pressure on external attention under high pressure (P<0.05). It seems that given the nature of skill in terms of unchanged environmental conditions and high accuracy and attention requirements especially in the early stages of learning, practice under low psychological pressure conditions and internal focusing will result in more delayed retention for novice people

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Arousal
choking
focus of attention
stress

مراجع

1. Schmidt, R.A., et al., Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. 2018: Human kinetics.

2. Beilock, S.L. and R. Gray, Why do athletes choke under pressure? 2007.

3. Magill, R. and D. Anderson, Motor Learning and Control: Concepts and Applications: Tenth Edition. 2013: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

4. Gray, R., Attending to the execution of a complex sensorimotor skill: Expertise differences, choking, and slumps. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2004. 10(1): p. 42.

5. Masters, R.S., Knowledge, knerves and know‐how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure. British journal of psychology, 1992. 83(3): p. 343-358.

6. Beilock, S.L. and A.R. McConnell, Stereotype threat and sport: Can athletic performance be threatened? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2004. 26(4): p. 597-609.

7. Wulf, G. and J. Su, An external focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 2007. 78(4): p. 384-389.

8. Zachry, T., et al., Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain research bulletin, 2005. 67(4): p. 304-309.

9. Wulf, G., S. Chiviacowsky, and R. Lewthwaite, Altering mindset can enhance motor learning in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 2012. 27(1): p. 14.

10. Wulf, G. and R. Lewthwaite, Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2016. 23(5): p. 1382-1414.

11. Chiviacowsky, S., G. Wulf, and R. Wally, An external focus of attention enhances balance learning in older adults. Gait & posture, 2010. 32(4): p. 572-575.

12. Wulf, G. and N. McNevin, Simply distracting learners is not enough: More evidence for the learning benefits of an external focus of attention. European Journal of Sport Science, 2003. 3(5): p. 1-13.

13. Castaneda, B. and R. Gray, Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007. 29(1): p. 60-77.

14. Cluff, T., T. Gharib, and R. Balasubramaniam, Attentional influences on the performance of secondary physical tasks during posture control. Experimental brain research, 2010. 203(4): p. 647-658.

15. Lawrence, G.P., et al., Internal and external focus of attention in a novice form sport. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 2011. 82(3): p. 431-441.

16. Schorer, J., et al., Influence of varying focus of attention conditions on dart throwing performance in experts and novices. Experimental brain research, 2012. 217(2): p. 287-297.

17. De Bruin, E.D., et al., A randomised controlled trial investigating motor skill training as a function of attentional focus in old age. BMC geriatrics, 2009. 9(1): p. 15.

18. Proteau, L., On the specificity of learning and the role of visual information for movement control, in Advances in psychology. 1992, Elsevier. p. 67-103.

19. Movahedi, A., et al., A practice-specificity-based model of arousal for achieving peak performance. Journal of motor behavior, 2007. 39(6): p. 457-462.

20. Moradi, J., A. Movahedi, and H. Salehi, Specificity of learning a sport skill to the visual condition of acquisition. Journal of motor behavior, 2014. 46(1): p. 17-23.

21. Ehrlenspiel, F., Choking under pressure–Attention and motor control in performance situations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Potsdam, Germany, 2006.

22. Shojaei M, Z.H., Sadeghi H, The effect of age and skill level on kinematic and kinetic indices of free throw in stressful conditions. , in Physical Education. 2011, Tehran University of Science and Research.

23. Gray, R. and R. Cañal-Bruland, Attentional focus, perceived target size, and movement kinematics under performance pressure. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2015. 22(6): p. 1692-1700.

24. Beilock, S.L., S.A. Wierenga, and T.H. Carr, Expertise, attention, and memory in sensorimotor skill execution: Impact of novel task constraints on dual-task performance and episodic memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 2002. 55(4): p. 1211-1240.

25. Gray, R. and J. Allsop, Interactions between performance pressure, performance streaks, and attentional focus. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2013. 35(4): p. 368-386.

رشد و یادگیری حرکتی ورزشی

تمرین تحت فشار روانی و کانونی کردن توجه بر یادگیری ضربۀ بیلیارد

مراجع

مراجع

دوره 11، شماره 3
آذر 1398
صفحه 311-320

تمرین تحت فشار روانی و کانونی کردن توجه بر یادگیری ضربۀ بیلیارد

مراجع

مراجع

دوره 11، شماره 3آذر 1398صفحه 311-320

دوره 11، شماره 3
آذر 1398
صفحه 311-320