Farnaz Torabi; Azar Aghayari; Shaghayegh Baradaran Moti
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Spark activity on growth hormone level and motor skills in 4-7-year-old boys with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. In this quasi-experiments study, 20 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were selected by multi-stage ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Spark activity on growth hormone level and motor skills in 4-7-year-old boys with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. In this quasi-experiments study, 20 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method from kindergartens of districts 2 and 5 of Tehran city. Then, subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: control (n=10) and experimental (n=10). The experimental group received Spark activity for 24 sessions and the control group performed their daily activities during this period. Blood samples were collected from the subjects before and after the intervention to measure the amount of growth hormone. Bruininks-Oseretsky test was used to assess motor skills. Data were analyzed using paired t test and covariance at a significance level of P<0.05. There was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in the scores of fine and gross motor skills, which were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P=0.001). There were no significant differences in growth hormone level between the two groups (P=0.399). Based on these results, it can be concluded that one period of Spark activity can play an effective role in improving motor skills and this improvement is not associated with the level of growth hormone.
Hamide Jahanbakhsh; Parvane Shafienaya; Seyede Nahid Shetab Booshehri
Abstract
Normative feedback is a kind of feedback which involves information about an individual's performance in comparison with other peers unrealistically (positive or negative). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of normative feedback on throwing aiming task learning in children aged ...
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Normative feedback is a kind of feedback which involves information about an individual's performance in comparison with other peers unrealistically (positive or negative). The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of normative feedback on throwing aiming task learning in children aged between 9 and 11 in Ahvaz city. For this purpose, 90 right-handed children were selected with convenience method as the statistical sample and were divided into three groups (each group 30 subjects) of positive normative feedback, negative normative feedback and control based on their age, height, weight, hand length, arm length and pretest scores. Acquisition phase included 6 blocks of 10 trials. In this phase, all groups received real feedback after each trial and positive and negative normative groups received normative feedback after each block in addition to real feedback. The transfer and retention tests were carried out immediately and after (delayed) the acquisition phase respectively. After checking the data normality and homogeneity of variances, data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni post hoc test (P≤0.05). There were significant differences in all three phases among the three groups and positive normative feedback group showed better performance (P=0.001). The findings showed that positive normative feedback had a facilitating effect on motor learning.
Zohreh Khalilpour; Mohammadtaghi Aghdasi; Seyed Hojjat Zamani Sani
Abstract
It is the basis of every human being's progress in learning, which is in fact one of the most difficult concepts to define. In a successful educational system, students' learning style is always considered as one of the factors affecting academic achievement. Knowledge of students' learning style helps ...
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It is the basis of every human being's progress in learning, which is in fact one of the most difficult concepts to define. In a successful educational system, students' learning style is always considered as one of the factors affecting academic achievement. Knowledge of students' learning style helps teachers to make optimal use of various learning styles and adopt appropriate teaching methods.The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between learning styles and cognitive styles among male and female students with the moderating effect of academic levels and gender. For this purpose, 350 undergraduate and graduate students were selected by cluster random sampling method and completed questionnaires of Kolbe's learning styles (1985) and Whitkin's cognitive styles (1971). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. Results showed that there is no significant correlation between cognitive styles and variables related to learning styles. Also, there was no significant correlation between age and cognitive styles and variables of learning styles, except in active experiments. However, there was a significant correlation between learning styles. The results of group differences showed that undergraduate students tend to be more dependent on the cognitive style than those of masters and boys. There was no statistically significant difference between educational levels and gender in learning styles. Undergraduate students are more inclined toward contextual cognitive styles than graduate students and boys than girls, and style and gender seem to interact with preferences.
Seyyed Amir Ahmad Mozaffari; Leila Sabaghiyanrad; Hojat Hatami
Abstract
The major aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two teachingmethods of traditional (common) and integrated for physical education on learningbiology and developing social skills in male junior students. This study was semiexperimentalwhich was conducted in Islamshahr city for 12 weeks. ...
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The major aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two teachingmethods of traditional (common) and integrated for physical education on learningbiology and developing social skills in male junior students. This study was semiexperimentalwhich was conducted in Islamshahr city for 12 weeks. The statisticalpopulation consisted of 79 volunteer junior students who studied the second gradeand 52 students were selected by an IQ test and were assigned to two groups oftraditional (n=26) and integrated (n=26) purposively. During these three months,physical education and biology were taught by the common method (separately)for the traditional group while biology was integrated with physical education andtaught for the integrated group. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test, UMann Whitney test and t test. The results revealed a significant difference inlearning biology between traditional and integrated groups at α<0.05. The t testresults revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of impulsive behaviorsbetween traditional and integrated groups at α<0.01, that is, the mean scoressignificantly decreased in the integrated method compared to the traditionalmethod. Also, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of suitablesocial behaviors of subjects between integrated and traditional groups (α<0.001).In other words, mean scores of the students in the integrated group significantlyincreased compared to the traditional group.
Mozhgan Memarmoghaddam; Hamidreza Taheri Torbati; Ali Kashi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a course of physical exercise on cognitive function and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This research was performed semi-experimental. Participants included 25 male students aged 7 to ...
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The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a course of physical exercise on cognitive function and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This research was performed semi-experimental. Participants included 25 male students aged 7 to 10 years old referred to Ibn Sina Hospital in Mashhad, and randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental). The experimental group participated in an exercise program for 24 sessions, 75 minutes per session. The control group did not receive any intervention. All the participants performed Stroop Test and Go no go Test before and after the exercise. Also, blood samples were taken from these participants to measure serum BDNF before and after exercise. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA. The results demonstrated that cognitive function of the children in experimental group regarding Stroop and Go no go tsts showed significant difference compared with the control group, also Serum BDNF levels showed a significant increase (p<0.05). These results suggest that the organized exercise program helps to improve cognitive function and treat in children with ADHD.
Morteza Taheri; Fahimeh Noorian
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training on sleep quality and psychological skills of athletes with psychophysiological approach. The research method was semi-experimental and application with pretest and posttest design and a control group. 31 athletes who ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training on sleep quality and psychological skills of athletes with psychophysiological approach. The research method was semi-experimental and application with pretest and posttest design and a control group. 31 athletes who were members of a sport team gained the criteria to enter the study. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups and the experimental group received neurofeedback treatment. The neurofeedback training lasted 3 sessions a week, 45 min. each session for 2 months. This protocol was performed in a bipolar manner at C4-CZ points. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to extract sleep quality profile and OMSAT-3 and Elisa method were used to assess psychophysiological stress of participants. Covariance analysis and dependent t test were used to analyze the data. The results suggested that neurofeedback training can influence to balance stress and to improve sleep quality of athletes which greatly affects their performance.
Hamid Salehi; Mahshid Zarezade
Abstract
Fundamental movement skills are observable patterns of motor behaviors including locomotor, manipulative, and stability activities. The aim of this study was to assess the gross motor development and the movement skill proficiency in elementary school children in Tehran city. The test of Gross ...
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Fundamental movement skills are observable patterns of motor behaviors including locomotor, manipulative, and stability activities. The aim of this study was to assess the gross motor development and the movement skill proficiency in elementary school children in Tehran city. The test of Gross Motor Development-2 (Ulrich, 2000) was administered to 712 children aged between 7 and 11. Performance of each 12 gross motor skills was assessed qualitatively. The percentages of poor/professional and nearly professional (advanced) children were reported by gender and age group. The assessments indicated that the highest percentages of advance level for both genders belonged to sliding and running, but these proportions were generally low in other skills. The percentages of advanced boys were statistically more than the percentages of girls in one locomotor skill (leaping) and two object-control skills (kicking and striking). In three object-control skills (dribbling, kicking and throwing), the percentages of the older advanced children were statistically more than younger ones. It was suggested that more attention should be paid to promote movement skill proficiency in elementary schools.
Mahdiyeh Gharelar; Masumeh Shojaei; Hasan Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
Psychological states affect focus of attention and play a mediating role in its effect on motor performance and learning. The present study investigated the effect of practice under psychological pressure and attention focusing with instruction on learning billiard shot. Participants were 48 female volunteer ...
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Psychological states affect focus of attention and play a mediating role in its effect on motor performance and learning. The present study investigated the effect of practice under psychological pressure and attention focusing with instruction on learning billiard shot. Participants were 48 female volunteer students (19-23 years old) who were randomly selected and assigned to 4 experimental groups (internal focus under high and low pressure, external focus under high and low pressure). The groups practiced for 8 sessions after the pretest. Acquisition test was performed in the last session of practice, and the retention test was conducted with 2 and 10 days of delay after the last practice session. The accuracy of the shots was scored according to the distance of the ball from the pit. The results of U Mann-Whitney test showed priority of internal attention in the acquisition and 10-day delay retention tests and priority of practice under low pressure in 10-day delay retention test (P<0.05). The results of Kruskal–Wallis test and pairwise comparisons indicated priority of the acquisition of internal attention under high pressure on external attention under high pressure and the priority of delayed retention of internal attention under low pressure on external attention under high pressure (P<0.05). It seems that given the nature of skill in terms of unchanged environmental conditions and high accuracy and attention requirements especially in the early stages of learning, practice under low psychological pressure conditions and internal focusing will result in more delayed retention for novice people
Maryam Kavyani; Fahime Badie; Ali Khatibi; Mohsen Dehghani
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare pain related cognitions and selective attention to painful stimuli in athletes with and without a history of skeletal muscle injury.The present study was an applied and quasi-experimental research.The population under study included 60 professional and semi-professional ...
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The aim of the present study was to compare pain related cognitions and selective attention to painful stimuli in athletes with and without a history of skeletal muscle injury.The present study was an applied and quasi-experimental research.The population under study included 60 professional and semi-professional male athletes in different fields of sport, 30 of whom had a history of musculoskeletal injury who had been in the field for at least two months. Sports were far, far away. The sampling method was accessible and purposeful. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires of fear of movement, earache and pain anxiety. Selective attention to painful stimuli was measured using the spot exploration test designed and constructed for the present study. The data were analyzed using independent t-test.The results showed that there was a significant difference between two groups of athletes with and without a history of injury. Also in other cognitive indices, fear of movement, consciousness, and ear-to-ear pain and anxiety-related anxiety scores were higher than those without a history of injury. Athletes are subject to many injuries due to the nature of the exercise. It is important to pay attention to identify the important cognitive factors involved in the perception of post-traumatic pain and the existence of appropriate rehabilitation programs and therapies to improve the mental and post-traumatic mental involvement of athletes along with attention to physiological factors and physical recovery.
Hamideh Jahanbakhsh; Mehdi Sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki; Ezzat Khodashenas
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected balance training program under dual and single-task conditions on working memory of children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test- follow-up design with a control ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected balance training program under dual and single-task conditions on working memory of children with developmental coordination disorder. The research method was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test- follow-up design with a control group. In this study, 39 boys with DCD were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups: Dual-task training (n=13), single-task training (n=13), and control (n=13). The two experimental groups performed a selected training program with two different conditions for 8 weeks. All subjects were evaluated in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up test (two months after post-test) by the Corsi block-tapping test (working memory test). Data analysis using ANOVA with the repeated measure as well as one-way ANCOVA showed that in the post-test, working memory in dual-task group was superior to both single and control groups (P <0.05). Also, a significant difference was observed from pre-test to post-test in all experimental groups except the single task group in the extended block index and the control group. In the follow-up test, this superior was maintained only in the overall score index and the overall effort. Also, the single-task group was superior to the control group in the post-test (P <0.05). Due to the importance of executive function, using this selected exercise program to improve working memory can be a useful tool and is suggested for this group of children.
Fatemeh Shahidi Zandi; Behrooz Golmohammadi; Hakime Akbari
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of progressive motor program on improving motor skills in children with autism. In this quasi-experimental study, 16 subjects (2 girls, 14 boys) who had been diagnosed with autism in the cities of Semnan and Yazd were selected. After they relatively ...
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of progressive motor program on improving motor skills in children with autism. In this quasi-experimental study, 16 subjects (2 girls, 14 boys) who had been diagnosed with autism in the cities of Semnan and Yazd were selected. After they relatively were matched based on age, sex, grade, and the degree and severity of autism, they were divided into the experimental (8) and control (8) groups. The Test of Gross Motor Development-Ed2 were used to assess fundamental motor skills. After pretest by TGMD-2, Progressive motor program was conducted for 30 sessions in experimental group. After 15 and 30 sessions, experimental and control groups participated in the mid and post-tests. Retention test was performed 30 days after the end of the 30th session. Data were analyzed by Variance Analyze of Repeated Measures. The results showed that progressive motor program, with the significance level of P <0/05, had a greater impact on the development of locomotor, object control and gross skills than the control group.
Moslem Rahmani; Ali Heirani; Hadi Yaditabar
Abstract
Cognitive performance such as prediction and reaction time changes along with aging. It seems that regular lifetime physical activity depends on the delay of these factors. This study aimed at investigating the effect of Pilates training on the improvement of motor performance of sedentary elderly men ...
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Cognitive performance such as prediction and reaction time changes along with aging. It seems that regular lifetime physical activity depends on the delay of these factors. This study aimed at investigating the effect of Pilates training on the improvement of motor performance of sedentary elderly men in Kermanshah city. 40 sedentary elderly men (mean age 72.15 ± 6.54 years) were selected from the senior citizen centers in Kermanshah and were divided into two groups of experimental and control randomly. The experimental group performed Pilates protocol for 8 weeks. Both groups participated in the pretest and posttest of cognitive performance. The data obtained from the pretest and posttest were analyzed by paired samples t test and independent t test was used to compare the posttests of both groups. The results showed that Pilates group outperformed the control group significantly in their cognitive status and reaction time in the posttest (P˂0.05), but there was no significant difference in prediction between these two groups. The patterns of these results suggested that Pilates exercises could improve the elderly's cognitive performance.
Behrouz Golmohammadi; Valiollah Kashani; Amin Khosravi
Abstract
Relaxation is a way of improving performance that can generally be classified as physical and mental relaxation. The mental relaxation technique is often named as the technique of mind to the body since the purpose of these techniques is to provide relaxation through the mind. The aim of the present ...
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Relaxation is a way of improving performance that can generally be classified as physical and mental relaxation. The mental relaxation technique is often named as the technique of mind to the body since the purpose of these techniques is to provide relaxation through the mind. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect a period of relaxation program (body to mind and mind to body) on the performance of semi-skilled football players. For this purpose, 39 players were selected and divided randomly into three groups: progressive muscle relaxation, creative visualization, and control. Before the interventions, a pretest was conducted by the observational method. In this relaxation program, subjects underwent two different types of relaxation after football training for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, analysis of variance with repeated measures and one-way analysis of variance. The results showed the significant effect of progressive muscle relaxation and creative visualization on maintaining and controlling the ball, accurately passing, accurately taking the ball from the opponent and overall players’ performance. In addition, the athletes who used progressive muscle relaxation had better performance than those who used creative visualization. In general, the methods of the body to mind and mind to body relaxation can each serve as an independent way to improve the performance of athletes, but the implementation of mind to body relaxation, such as the visualization of creativity, is more effective at skills that require more precision and concentration.
Bahram Ghafari; Mehdi Shahbazi; Mehdi Aghapour; Elham Shirzad
Abstract
Meta-stability is a relatively stable region in which system components tend to cooperate to reach performance goals of movement while maintaining their separate and flexible characters. Participants were assigned to 3 skill groups: coordination (n=10), coordination control (n=10), and optimized ...
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Meta-stability is a relatively stable region in which system components tend to cooperate to reach performance goals of movement while maintaining their separate and flexible characters. Participants were assigned to 3 skill groups: coordination (n=10), coordination control (n=10), and optimized control (n=10). Each two fencers fought in each group. Results of cluster analysis and empirical density indicated the emergence of a metastable region in coordination control group (between 1.689276- 2.270372), two metastable regions in optimized control group (between 0.9824658- 1.00113699 and 1.843131-2.333738) and no metastable region in coordination group. Moreover, the binomial test showed that the proportion of using modes of actions in metastable regions in coordination control and optimized control groups had no significant difference (P=0.4888). But the extent of metastable region in the coordination control group was significantly greater. Findings of this study showed that fencers' motor system is metastable depending on their skill level and the extent of metastable regions was different in each level. To design learning and organizing practice, sport coaches can lead the athletes to metastable regions to emerge the most functional motor responses.
Shahrian Eshaghi; Morteza Taheri; Khadijeh Irandoust
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on the psychomotor function of elderly women with sleep disorders. Based on this, 42 people were selected in an accessible and targeted manner with an age range of 60-70 years. They all ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on the psychomotor function of elderly women with sleep disorders. Based on this, 42 people were selected in an accessible and targeted manner with an age range of 60-70 years. They all suffered from insomnia. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise-vitamin D supplement, vitamin D supplement and control group. Vitamin D intake in both groups was taken as 2000 units daily. The Physical Activity Readiness Diagnostic Questionnaire (PARQ) was used to know the level of physical fitness of the subjects and the Gibson 24-hour diet recall questionnaire the day before the pre-test and post-test. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale was used to extract the sleep profile. COG psychomotor test was also used to assess cognitive and mental components and information processing. The results showed that the aerobic, supplement and aerobic-supplement groups had a significant improvement in selective attention and reaction time. Also, the aerobic-supplement group had a significant improvement in selective attention and reaction time compared to the aerobic group and the supplement group. Aerobic exercise along with vitamin D supplementation seems to improve the motor and motor function of older women. Therefore, vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercise in interaction are recommended for older women.
Seyed Mohammadreza Mousavi; Nahid Shetab Boushehri; Rasool Abedanzadeh
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of external focus of attention instruction and autonomy support on learning of an aiming task in mentally retarded children. Therefore, 48 children (age range: 10-14 years, mean age 11.81+1.2 years) were selected from all mentally retarded children ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of external focus of attention instruction and autonomy support on learning of an aiming task in mentally retarded children. Therefore, 48 children (age range: 10-14 years, mean age 11.81+1.2 years) were selected from all mentally retarded children of Ahvaz city by convenient sampling method. Participants performed 10 trials as a pretest and according to their scores of the pretest, they were assigned to four groups: external attention, autonomy support, external attention-autonomy support and control. The task consisted of throwing 100-gram beanbags into a goal that was mounted at a distance of 2 meters from the participants on the wall. Participants performed 40 trials including 5 blocks, 8 trials each block in the acquisition phase. 10 minutes after the last acquisition block, the participants performed 10 trials as the posttest. 48 hours after the acquisition phase, retention test (10 trials) was performed to examine the learning effects of the participants under the same conditions as the pretest. The data were analyzed by mix ANOVA 2×2×5 in the acquisition phase and two-way ANOVA 2×2 in the retention phase with SPSS22 at significance level of P≤0.05. The results showed that all four groups had a significant improvement in their performance during the practice blocks. The external attention+autonomy support group gained the best scores in the acquisition phase (P≤0.05). The external attention+ autonomy support group presented the greatest performance in the retention test (P≤0.05). Therefore, it is suggested that a combination of autonomy support and external attention should be used to improve the performance and learning of aiming in mentally retarded children.
Amirhossein Barati; Farshid Tahmasbi; Karim Biglar
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and incidence of injury in Iranian elite wrestlers. 60Iranian elite athletes participated in this study. Data were collected with injury report form and NEO personality questionnaire. The descriptive ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and incidence of injury in Iranian elite wrestlers. 60Iranian elite athletes participated in this study. Data were collected with injury report form and NEO personality questionnaire. The descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient at a significance level of 95% were used for data analysis.Results showed that all of the wrestlers suffered from at least two injuries during one season. The results showed a significant relationshipbetween personality traits includingneuroticism (P≤0.005), extraversion (P≤0.003), openness to experience (P≤0.047), agreeableness (P≤0.0001) and conscientiousness (P≤0.0001).Overall, findings indicated that personality traits such as low neuroticism, high extraversion, low openness to experience, high agreeableness and highconscientiousness helped elite athletes to better handle stressful situations in sports andto confront harmful psychological factors such as stress and anxiety through enhancing self-confidence and finally decrease injury incidence. Thus, officials, coaches, physicians and sport psychologists are recommended to plan to evaluate elite athletes' personality traits so that injury incidence can reduce and be prevented through a selection of those athletes with suitable personality traits.
Hasan Baghande; Davoud Homaniyan; Elahe Arab Ameri
Abstract
The purpose of this current study was to investigate the influence of perceptual-motor trainings on motor skills of girls with trainable mental retardation. so 20 girls with trainable mental retardation in the town of Marivan welfare organization with the average of 8/3 ±1/11 years and IQ of 39/14±6/84 ...
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The purpose of this current study was to investigate the influence of perceptual-motor trainings on motor skills of girls with trainable mental retardation. so 20 girls with trainable mental retardation in the town of Marivan welfare organization with the average of 8/3 ±1/11 years and IQ of 39/14±6/84 with purposive sampling method were studied. All girls were pretested. Then samples based on sampling method divided into two 10 groups and considered as the control and experimental groups purposefully .In this research, for assessing the gross and fine motor skills we used sections of Bruininks _ oseretsky test . The experimental group did the perceptual-motor training for 24 sessions of practice, in a week .After 24 sessions of practice both groups were post‒test .In order to study the research hypothesis, nonparametric Wilcoxon and U Mann Whithney test were used. The results of the statistical tests showed significant difference on gross motor skills in training groups (p<0.05). while the impact of this training course on gross skills was not significant statistically. The findings showed that training program used in this current research is to improve the gross motor skills in girls with trainable mental retardation and can be useful
Mohammad Reza Ghasemian Moghadam; Hamidreza Taheri
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of pressure andattentional instruction on table tennis players' performance. For this purpose, 16table tennis players were tested in 4 conditions with different attentionalinstructions and pressure conditions. The test included a table tennis task: ...
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of pressure andattentional instruction on table tennis players' performance. For this purpose, 16table tennis players were tested in 4 conditions with different attentionalinstructions and pressure conditions. The test included a table tennis task: the ballcolor signified the target where the ball had to be hit and the player had to performtopspin drive against backspin balls that were thrown by the machine. Attentionalinstructions were different in task-irrelevant and task-relevant cues. Pressureconditions were manipulated through a competitive ranking and money prize.Participants' performances were assessed through accuracy in hitting definitetargets and verbal reaction time to attentional instructions. Data were analyzed bytwo-factorial ANOVA with repeated measures for each variable. The resultsshowed no significant difference in performance in different phases of the test(P>0.5). The only significant difference was related to the main effect of pressureon verbal reaction time, that is to say verbal reaction time increased under higherpressure (P<0.5). In total, the results indicated that under pressure, regardless ofthe type of attentional instruction, performance efficiency decreased.
Amir Shahavand; Khajavi Daryoush; Alireza Bahrami; Ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh
Abstract
The purpose of current study was to muscle efficiency changes during successful and unsuccessful trials in elite pistol shooters with role of quiet eye meditation. In causal comparative study, 20 elite male pistol shooters selected for this study with age range 20-30 years old. After five trials familiarization, ...
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The purpose of current study was to muscle efficiency changes during successful and unsuccessful trials in elite pistol shooters with role of quiet eye meditation. In causal comparative study, 20 elite male pistol shooters selected for this study with age range 20-30 years old. After five trials familiarization, participants performed 20 trials to target with available standard. Scores of ten were considered successful, and scores of less than ten were considered unsuccessful. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and Bootstrap. The results indicated that there was significant difference between biceps and triceps muscle activity in successful and unsuccessful trials, and participants had lower muscle activity in successful trials than unsuccessful trials. Also, Bootstrap results revealed that the quiet eye period mediates biceps and triceps muscle activity in successful and unsuccessful trials. Overall, the results of current study confirmed postural stability hypothesis that this is the determining factor during this period is an increase in postural stability, which leads to a reduction in "noise" in the motor system.Shooting skills with high perceptual / cognitive requirements and low mobility needs and is one of the sports that is highly dependent on the performance of the visual system, because target identification and tracking is largely dependent on the performance of the visual system.In the present study, the researcher intends to investigate the muscular efficiency and mediating role of the length of the stationary eye period in the electrical activity of biceps and triceps of skilled pistol shooters in successful and unsuccessful attempts.
Amir Dana; Zynalabedin Fallah; Jalil Moradi; Akbar Ghalavand
Abstract
Introduction and aims: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as one of the factors associated with neuromuscular performance and cognitive function is reduced with increasing age. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and cognitive training on the dynamic balance, ...
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Introduction and aims: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as one of the factors associated with neuromuscular performance and cognitive function is reduced with increasing age. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and cognitive training on the dynamic balance, attention and serum BDNF levels in elderly men. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 60 healthy elderly men were selected through the purposeful sampling and were randomly divided into 4 groups including aerobic training, cognitive training, combinational training (cognitive aerobics) (cognitive training), and control. Training was performed during eight weeks at three sessions per week. T-test and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05). Results: at the end of the period, a significant increase was observed in BDNF serum in the intervention group compared to the control group (P ≥0.001). Also, there was a significant increase in the ratio of the correct response on the target and non-target stimuli. In addition, a significant decrease was observed in commission errors and omission errors, and reaction time in intervention groups compared to control groups (P<0.05). It can be added that the significant improvement was observed in dynamic balance in aerobic and combination groups compared to the control (P<0.001) and cognitive training (P<0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive and aerobic training lead to improving the attention and balance performance in the elderly with increasing BDNF, and it is better to use a combination of physical and cognitive training for the elderly.
Shila Safavi; Maryam Nezakatalhosaini; Somayeh Yosafe
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of perceptual-motor activities on the academic performance of female students in the first grade and the sixth grade.The students of each grade (50students in the first grade and50 students in the sixth grade) took part in the Lincoln-Oseretsky ...
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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of perceptual-motor activities on the academic performance of female students in the first grade and the sixth grade.The students of each grade (50students in the first grade and50 students in the sixth grade) took part in the Lincoln-Oseretsky Motor Development test for assessing perceptual-motor function and Raven intelligence test for assessing cognitive function. Teacher assessments of math and Persian as an indication of their academic progress were also considered.Based on the results , the students of each grade were divided into two groups of experimental and control (n = 25). The experimental group participated in an eight-week training course including a variety of exercises and perceptual-motor activities. The training course consisted of 45 to 60 minutes sessions three times a week. After this period, students in both groups were reevaluated by assessing their academic performance. The results obtained from t-test analyses showed that, unlike the six graders, perceptual-motor activities had a positive impact on academic performance of first grade students. Keywords: Academic performance, Concrete operational stage, Perceptual-motor exercise, Preoperational stage.
Najmeh Rezasoltani; Hassan Gharayagh zandi; Mohammad Khabiri
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES). The method was descriptive-survey. The Statistical population consisted of male and female athletes aged over 16 years who attended structured exercise programs. The ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES). The method was descriptive-survey. The Statistical population consisted of male and female athletes aged over 16 years who attended structured exercise programs. The sample consisted of 256 male and female athletes (M=23.03, SD=4.04) who were selected through cluster random sampling method. The 12-item Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale was initially translated (by translation - back translation method) and then its face and content validity were confirmed. After a pilot study and necessary modifications, confirmatoryfactoranalysis (CFA) was used to examine construct validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for internal consistency of the scale and temporal reliability of the items. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was examined by test-retest method with 2-4 weeks of interval for the scale and subscales. The results showed that the second model of BPNES had acceptable fit indexes (CFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.07), internal consistency (alpha coefficient: 0.87 for relatedness, 0.80 for competence, 0.82 for autonomy, and 0.88 for the whole questionnaire) and temporal reliability (0.88 for relatedness, 0.83 for competence, 0.83 for autonomy, and 0.90 for the whole questionnaire). So, this scale can be used for research population in Iran.
Fazollah Ghods; Homaila Takali; Mortaza Abdollahi; Hasan Gharayagh Zandi; Marziyeh Mashhouri; Sanam Ghods
Volume 2, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between physical fitness and self–esteem in non – physical education students. 109 female and 225 male students who took general physical education course (1). The students completed Cooper – Smith questionnaire and their scores of general physical education ...
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This study examined the relationship between physical fitness and self–esteem in non – physical education students. 109 female and 225 male students who took general physical education course (1). The students completed Cooper – Smith questionnaire and their scores of general physical education course. The mean score of physical fitness for male students was 17.4 and for female students 19.1. The mean score of the self – esteem for females was 33.1 and for males 35.2. There was no significant relationship between the level of self–esteem and physical fitness (p>0.05). In general, findings of this research like many previous studies indicated a lower level of self–esteem in females compared with males. Also, it seems that physical fitness during the general physical education course has no relationship with students' evaluation of their own capabilities (self – esteem).
Javad Salehi; Ahmad Rahmani
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
Research suggests that people with high anxiety about their body shape participate in exercise less than others, and in the case of participation, their main motivation is internal motivation. Considering the prevalence of social physique anxiety and its strong negative influence on the motivation to ...
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Research suggests that people with high anxiety about their body shape participate in exercise less than others, and in the case of participation, their main motivation is internal motivation. Considering the prevalence of social physique anxiety and its strong negative influence on the motivation to participate in physical activity, it is necessary to study the effect of this factor and its interaction with the personality characters to determine the motivation to participate in physical activity. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of social physique anxiety (SPA) on the kind of motivation for exercise, and to determine intervening role of self-esteem. For this purpose, a sample of 265 undergraduate students of Zanjan Univeristy (156 females and 109 males) were randomly selected and completed a booklet consisting of "Social physique anxiety scale", "Rosenberg self-esteem scale", "sport motivation scale" and demographic information. The results of the study revealed that external motivation for exercise was higher in students with high SPA than those with low SPA (P=0.017). Lack of motivation was higher in students with high SPA than others (P = 0.008). In addition, it was observed that there was a significant interaction between SPA and self-esteem if affecting exercise motivation was concerned (P = 0.019). In conclusion, the present study indicated that SPA had an important role in determining the kind of motivation for participation in physical activity.
