Zahra Asgari; Behrouz Abdoli
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of analogy (implicit),explicit and discovery learning in the retention and transfer of a topspin shot underpsychological pressure. For this purpose, 36 volunteer high school students wererandomly allocated to three treatment conditions: explicit, analogy, ...
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The aim of this study was to compare the performance of analogy (implicit),explicit and discovery learning in the retention and transfer of a topspin shot underpsychological pressure. For this purpose, 36 volunteer high school students wererandomly allocated to three treatment conditions: explicit, analogy, and discoverylearning. After performing 300 trials in the acquisition phase, an immediateretention and transfer test under psychological pressure was performed. Before theacquisition phase, the MSRSQ, after the test, a procedural protocol and CSAI-2Qin two phases were completed by the participants. Results showed no significantdifference among the groups in the immediate retention test. In the transfer test,analogy learning group outperformed the two other groups. In addition, contraryto the analogy group, the two other groups experienced a performance breakdownin the transfer test when compared with the immediate retention test. There was asignificant correlation (positive and negative respectively) between their MSRSQscore and number of verbal rules and their performance under pressure. It appearsthat the dominant process in discovery learning is explicit process. In addition,learning under explicit and implicit conditions for an extended period of timeappears to be quantitatively similar but qualitatively dissimilar; therefore, usinganalogy learning, performers benefit from advantages of resistance againstperformance breakdown under psychological pressure.
Ali Fathizadeh; Hasan Mohammadzadeh Jahatlo
Abstract
Motor imagery is the ability to imagine performing a movement without any action. The time a movement is mentally rehearsed highly correlates with the actual time of motor action. In this study, the effect of voluntary changes in imagery speed on the duration of the actual performance and learning ...
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Motor imagery is the ability to imagine performing a movement without any action. The time a movement is mentally rehearsed highly correlates with the actual time of motor action. In this study, the effect of voluntary changes in imagery speed on the duration of the actual performance and learning a complex unfamiliar skill, and also the difference between the effects of real-time and fast imagery were investigated. 32 male volunteers (mean age: 22.23±2.07 yr) participated in the pretest, imagery training period, posttest, and retention test. The motor task was a sequence of new skills involving coordinated movements of upper and lower extremities with body locomotion. During the training period and in the real time, they mentally rehearsed the sequence performed in the pretest faster and more slowly. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), dependent and independent t tests were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the actual duration of real-time and fast imagery group decreased after training period (p<0.05) and it did not change in the retention test compared with the posttest (p>0.05). However, there was no difference between the effect of real-time and fast imagery (p>0.05). Moreover, no significant differences were found in the subsequent performance and retention of control and slow imagery groups (p>0.05). It is suggested that the duration of motor imagery should be close to the duration of physical performance in order to promote the performance and learning new tasks and individuals should be cautious about changes in mental image speed.
Karim Biglar; Amirhosein Barati; Daryoush Soodi; Farshid Tahmasbi
Abstract
Profile of mood states tests show that the players who are injured are affected psychologically as well. In cases of severer injuries, loss of mental health and tendency to depression are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sport injuries on profile of mood states of Tehran ...
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Profile of mood states tests show that the players who are injured are affected psychologically as well. In cases of severer injuries, loss of mental health and tendency to depression are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sport injuries on profile of mood states of Tehran Persepolis team soccer players. For this purpose, 54 players from Tehran Persepolis team (adults and youth) participated in this study. Research data were collected by the team physician with POMS questionnaire before and after the players' injuries. The descriptive statistics and dependent t test at a significance level of 95% were used for data analysis. Results indicated that all players experienced at least one injury during one season (2012- 2013). The findings also indicated that their profile of mood states was similar to Morgan' profile before their injury while this profile was reverse after their injury. There was a significant difference in players' profile of mood states before and after the injury (P=0.0001). Findings indicated that the mean of players' POMS changed after the injury. Also, their tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion increased while their vigor decreased.
Niloufar Zamani Fard; Daryoush Khajavi; Ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: the current study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on decision making, gaze behavior and tennis service skill learning.Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a 14-day follow-up period, ...
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Introduction and Purpose: the current study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on decision making, gaze behavior and tennis service skill learning.Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a 14-day follow-up period, 30 novices male tennis players of Isfahan House with an age range of 20 to 30 were selected and those located in quiet eye training and control groups. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed 12 tennis services, which also measured the participants' gaze behavior during the operation. Participants' service was also recorded by GoPro camera to measure decision making. In addition, participants' performance was recorded by the researcher. Then, the experimental group performed the desired exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session. During this period, the control group performed their daily activities. At the end of 24 practice sessions, the post-test phase, and two weeks after the last session, the retention phase was performed as the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.Results: The results showed that quiet eye training have a significant effect on improving decision making, increasing the length of the quiet eye period and increasing the performance of the tennis service (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study support the pre programming hypothesis that the importance of planning and choosing the correct answer.
Ahmadreza Movahedi; Abbas Bahram; Sahar Bordbar
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different methods of self-talk (motivational, instructional, and combined) on acquisition and learning of a motor perceptional task (dart) and physical efficacy in female students aged between 13 and 18. 48 female students (mean age 15.46 ...
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different methods of self-talk (motivational, instructional, and combined) on acquisition and learning of a motor perceptional task (dart) and physical efficacy in female students aged between 13 and 18. 48 female students (mean age 15.46 yr) who were novice at dart throwing voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were divided into 4 groups including motivational self-talk, instructional self-talk, motivational-instructional self-talk and physical practice (12 students in each group) following an initial instructional session and pretest. The intervention included 10 sessions of acquisition, 2 sessions of retention test and one session of transfer test. One-way ANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures were used to analyze data. Results showed that combined (motivational-instructional) and the instructional self-talk groups improved dart throwing performance in acquisition, immediate and delayed retention sessions in 13-18-year-old students compared with the motivational self-talk and physical exercise groups. Instructional self-talk group showed the best performance in transfer test while the other three groups showed almost similar performances. The results also showed that different interventions had no significant effects on physical self-efficacy of the participants.
Hasan Mohammadzadeh; Samko Ebrahimi; Saadi Sami
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship of perfectionism,
stress and burnout in male and female swimming coaches. For this purpose, 154
coaches (85 men with the mean age of 30.52±5.26 years and 7.69±4.96 years of
coaching experience and 69 females with the mean age of 28.82±5.16 ...
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The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship of perfectionism,
stress and burnout in male and female swimming coaches. For this purpose, 154
coaches (85 men with the mean age of 30.52±5.26 years and 7.69±4.96 years of
coaching experience and 69 females with the mean age of 28.82±5.16 years old
and 4.46±6.40 years of coaching experience) were selected. For data collection,
four questionnaires were used: Personal information, Hill et al. (2004)
perfectionism, Coudron stress and Burnout questionnaire of Maslach and Jackson
(1996). To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used to design tables and
diagrams and distribution indicators like mean, median and mode were used. Also
inferential statistics were used at (P
Masoud delbari; Hasan Mohamadzade; Mahmud Delbari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2009, , Pages 135-145
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of computer games on intelligence quotient (IQ), reaction time (RT), and movement time (MT) of adolescents. The statistical population of this study consisted of male high school students (aged between 14 and 18), Restrict 1 in Tabriz city. Two samples ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of computer games on intelligence quotient (IQ), reaction time (RT), and movement time (MT) of adolescents. The statistical population of this study consisted of male high school students (aged between 14 and 18), Restrict 1 in Tabriz city. Two samples (n1=n2=25) were selected purposefully and were divided into two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The experimental criterion was to play computer games a minimum of three days a week for the past six months. The control group played little or preferably no computer games in the past six months. To determine their IQ, Cattle’s intelligence test (Scale 3) and normative tables were used. RT and MT of subjects were measured by appraiser system of RT and MT. Results showed that computer games had a significant effect on IQ (P=0.031), simple reaction time (P=0.017), simple movement time (P=0.019), diagnostic time (P=0.04) and diagnostic movement time (P=0.036). Also findings established that the computer game experience improves IQ, reaction times and movement times.
Hajar Jahadian Sarvestani; Parvaneh Shafienia; Mahdi Zarghami
Abstract
The aim of the current research was to compare motor development in 3–6-year-old children from Ahvaz with Denver developmental screening test II. Themethodology of this research was descriptive – survey. The statistical populationconsisted of children from Ahvaz and 1044 children aged between ...
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The aim of the current research was to compare motor development in 3–6-year-old children from Ahvaz with Denver developmental screening test II. Themethodology of this research was descriptive – survey. The statistical populationconsisted of children from Ahvaz and 1044 children aged between 3 and 6 wereselected from Ahvaz kindergartens by cluster random sampling method. Denverdevelopmental screening test II was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics wereused to compute frequencies and percentile rank to set percentile points. Thefinding showed that children from Ahvaz had a delay in all percentile points (25%,50%, 70% and 90%) in gross movements with regard to Denver test. Also, they hada delay in all percentile points (25%, 50%, 75% and 90%) in fine movements withregard to Denver test.
Maliheh Naeimikia; Elahe Arab Ameri; Hassan Ashayeri; Rasool Hammayat Talab; Kamran Azma
Volume 3, Issue 2 , October 2012, , Pages 137-153
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of external focus of attention instruction during walking training on old women’s gait kinematic parameters including stride length, velocity, variability of velocity, cadence and double support percent. For this purpose, 16 old women (mean age 69.8+4 ...
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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of external focus of attention instruction during walking training on old women’s gait kinematic parameters including stride length, velocity, variability of velocity, cadence and double support percent. For this purpose, 16 old women (mean age 69.8+4 years) were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (each group 8 subjects). Pretest, posttest, control group design was used in this study. The experimental group preformed an easy secondary task including rehearsing random strings of digits during walking on a certain pathway; they had to verbally recall these strings at the end of the pathway. The control group performed the same procedure without the secondary task. The groups trained for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Paired t test was used to compare the difference in the mean scores before (pretest) and after (posttest) intervention in each group. Independent t test was also used to evaluate the differences in means between experimental and control groups. The results showed no significant differences between pretest and posttest mean scores of stride length, velocity, variability of velocity, cadence and double support percent in control group (P>0.05), but the differences between pretest and posttest mean scores of stride length, velocity, variability of velocity for experimental group were significant (P
Roza Rahavi; Zahra Estiri
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the effect of contextual interference derived from self-regulation practice with regard to type of task on acquisition and retention of tracking tasks with an emphasis on meta-cognition hypotheses (cognition and meta-cognition phenomena). For this purpose, 24 ...
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The aim of this research was to determine the effect of contextual interference derived from self-regulation practice with regard to type of task on acquisition and retention of tracking tasks with an emphasis on meta-cognition hypotheses (cognition and meta-cognition phenomena). For this purpose, 24 right handed male and female students of Yazd University (mean age: 22± 1.7) were selected via self-regulation questionnaire as high self-regulated subjects. They were randomly assigned to two different groups: simple tracking (n=12) or complex tracking (n=12). The method was quasi-experimental. The tracking tasks used in this study were designed by software whose aim was tracking with highest speed and lowest error. The movement time and movement error (click) as well as the number of pattern switches were assigned as scores in different groups. The subjects practiced 8 blocks of 16 trails per session; then, they participated one block of 16 trials in the immediate and delayed (after 72 hours) retention phases. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and t test in acquisition phase and retention tests. Results showed no significant difference between the two groups in two types of tasks in acquisition and immediate and delayed retention phases of movement time. A significant difference was observed in movement error in the acquisition phase (P<0.05) while this difference was not observed in immediate and delayed retention phases. There was a significant difference between the groups in the two types of tasks in the acquisition phase of the number of pattern switches, that is, the complex tracking group asked for lower number of pattern switches. Also, t test results showed a significant difference between the first and eighth block of simple tracking task to compare the number of pattern switches while no significant difference was observed in the complex tracking task. Thus, the finding suggested that self-regulated subjects with a perception of task complexity created levels of contextual interference and then reduced it through continuing the practice.
Akbar Ghavami; Fatemeh Hosseini; Hasan Mohammadzadeh; Behnam Maleki; Hossien Borhani
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of observing animated
model, static images and combined model on motor learning of handstand balance
skill. 45 subjects (mean age 8.03±1.7 yr) were randomly divided into three experimental
groups: observation of animated model, static images, ...
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The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of observing animated
model, static images and combined model on motor learning of handstand balance
skill. 45 subjects (mean age 8.03±1.7 yr) were randomly divided into three experimental
groups: observation of animated model, static images, combined model. Subjects
trained handstand balance skill for three weeks (three sessions per week). Pretest,
acquisition test and retention test was performed for three groups. Subjects' scores
were obtained by calculating mean scores of three gymnastic referees based on
specific norm of Gymnastics Federation. The results of two-way ANOVA with
repeated measures showed significant effects of the three methods on motor
learning of handstand balance skill (pv=0.001). Also, the results showed no
significant difference between the combined model and animation model groups
(pv=0.156). Finally, both combined model and animation model groups were
better than static images group (pv=0.001). As a whole, results suggest that
observation of animation is a useful modeling method of learning handstand
balance skill in childhood. It is also suggested that static images be used along
with the animations as a supplement.
Mahmood Sheikh; Reza Gholamalizadeh
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2009, , Pages 147-160
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study and to analyze the necessity of physical education instruction and sport sciences orientation at universities. For this purpose, a 30-point questionnaire at Likert scale was designed and distributed among 80 subjects (20 subjects at doctorate and scientific boards, ...
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The purpose of this research was to study and to analyze the necessity of physical education instruction and sport sciences orientation at universities. For this purpose, a 30-point questionnaire at Likert scale was designed and distributed among 80 subjects (20 subjects at doctorate and scientific boards, 20 graduates, 20 students and 20 distinguished coaches of sports federations as the statistical sample of research). Obtained results were studied and analyzed. The results showed an agreement on orientation of physical education and sport sciences at all educational levels. 88% of subjects believed that the current status of physical education and sport sciences was inappropriate. 83% agreed on the orientation of this field. 92% agreed on the orientation of physical education and sport sciences at bachelor’s degree level and more than 80% at master’s degree level. About 80% of subjects believed that new orientations such as sport nutrition, science of training and design of training, physical education of the disabled and rehabilitation and reform sport and movement-therapy. They also suggested that aforesaid fields should be included at educational complementary programs of physical education and sport sciences.
Fatemeh Pourshakouri Sharemi; Ahmadreza Movahedi; Ahmad Abedi
Volume 3, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 147-164
Abstract
Socialization is one of the most important goals of any developmental program and educational scientists try to provide students with appropriate contexts to develop socialization throughout the developmental ages. This study aimed to investigate the effect of traditional and modern childish plays on ...
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Socialization is one of the most important goals of any developmental program and educational scientists try to provide students with appropriate contexts to develop socialization throughout the developmental ages. This study aimed to investigate the effect of traditional and modern childish plays on the social development of female students in the first grade (6-7 years old) in 1388-1389 in two elementary schools of regions 13 and 14 of Tehran city. The present research was performed experimentally with groups of modern plays, traditional plays and the control group along with the pretest and posttest. The subjects (N=45) were randomly divided into three groups. The first group played traditional plays for 15 weeks (once a week) and the second group played the modern plays for the same period of time, the third group which was considered as the control group did not carry out any kinds of playing. In order to measure social development of the students, Winelands (1953) social development questionnaire was used to measure social development. In this study, the statistical method of covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that both traditional and modern childish plays had an effect on social development of children and there was no significant difference between these two plays, but the traditional plays gained more scores in social development. It can be suggested beneficial to have childish plays in syllabus at schools to improve children’s social development.
Paria Nekouei; Vahid Zolaktaf; Ebrahim Sadeghi Demneh
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder are prone to poor balance, postural stability, and postural abnormalities due to inactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Kangoo jump training on the balance function of children with autism spectrum disorder with high performance ...
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Children with autism spectrum disorder are prone to poor balance, postural stability, and postural abnormalities due to inactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Kangoo jump training on the balance function of children with autism spectrum disorder with high performance level. The method of this study was quasi-experimental. 20 subjects were selected from children with autism spectrum disorder in the Autism Association and autism schools in Tehran city using screening tests and were randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control) after measuring balance function as the pretest. The experimental group performed Kangoo jumps for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. After the intervention, all subjects’ balance function was measured by Stork test as the posttest. To test the research hypotheses, two-way multivariate analysis of variance was used. The findings of the present study showed that Kangoo jumps in the intervention group significantly improved balance function in children with autism spectrum disorder. The results also showed a significant difference in the results between the control and experimental groups in the posttest. Based on these results, Kangoo jumps can be useful to improve the balance function of children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore this type of activity is recommended as an appropriate intervention method for children with autism spectrum disorder.
Mohsen Purmenati; Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Elahe Arab Ameri
Abstract
Stress is a natural phenomenon in sport competitions. An athlete may maintain good performance and achieve success when he can deal with stress. The present study aimed at examining the validity and reliability of Anshel and Kaissidis’s Coping Style Inventory for athletes. To this end, this questionnaire ...
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Stress is a natural phenomenon in sport competitions. An athlete may maintain good performance and achieve success when he can deal with stress. The present study aimed at examining the validity and reliability of Anshel and Kaissidis’s Coping Style Inventory for athletes. To this end, this questionnaire was translated into Persian in several stages and sent to 7 sports psychologists to examine its content validity based on the criteria of content validity index and ratio. These experts approved the content validity of the Persian version. Subsequently, the questionnaire was distributed among 425 athletes with different skill levels in both team and individual sports. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed good fit of the data to the model (RMSEA=0.048, NFI=0.927, CFI=0.945, X2/df=1.67). The internal consistency of the subscales was examined using Cronbach’s alpha formula. The alpha coefficients were found to be 0.763 and 0.814 for the subscales of approach style and avoidance style, respectively, which indicated good reliability of the scale. It can be concluded that Coping Style Inventory for athletes was an appropriate instrument to study sports stress and coping strategies in Iranian samples.
Khadije Irandoust; Morteza Taheri; Abbas Sadeghi
Abstract
In recent years, the effects of exercise on nervous system, spatial memory andmotor function in the senescence period have received the attention of researchers.As the age increases, some functions of nervous system such as spatial memory areweakened. Thus, the effect of aerobic exercises including swimming ...
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In recent years, the effects of exercise on nervous system, spatial memory andmotor function in the senescence period have received the attention of researchers.As the age increases, some functions of nervous system such as spatial memory areweakened. Thus, the effect of aerobic exercises including swimming and runningon learning, spatial memory and motor function was investigated in old rats. Thestudy was experimental. 30 rats (18 months old) were randomly divided intothree groups: experimental 1 (running on a treadmill), experimental 2 (swimmingin the water maze) and control. Rat treadmill was used for subjects' exercise,Morris water maze device was used to apply exercise protocol and to examine theirmemory and learning and open field device was used to examine subjects' motorfunction. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The resultswere reported as mean + SD and suggested that in spatial memory test (time toreach the target and the covered distance to reach the target), Experimental 1group (swimming) significantly outperformed control and experimental 2 (running)groups (P=0.001). Treadmill group had a better performance in spatial memorytest (time to reach the target) than control group (P=0.04). In motor function test(open field test), experimental 1 and 2 groups were significantly superior to thecontrol group in the total distance covered (P=0.001, P=0.002 respectively). In themean speed covered in the open field test, Experimental 1 and 2 groups weresignificantly superior to the control group (P=0.001, P=0.003 respectively). Theresults showed that aerobic exercise especially swimming had a positive effect onmemory consolidation, retention and motor function, that is, exercise probablyimproves reward paths in the nervous system of the rats and this factor can be areason for memory consolidation and learning in the nervous system.
Mahboobeh Emami; Alireza Bahramy; Vali Shiri
Abstract
Children with intellectual disability experience many problems in theireveryday lives and educational issues. One of these important issues exists invisual perception. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine theeffect of sport vision training on visual perception of children withintellectual ...
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Children with intellectual disability experience many problems in theireveryday lives and educational issues. One of these important issues exists invisual perception. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine theeffect of sport vision training on visual perception of children withintellectual disability in Isfahan city. 30 children were selected fromeducable students with intellectual disability (7-11 years old) as the sampleand were randomly assigned to two groups (each group 15 subjects):experimental and control. Before the training, children with intellectualdisability underwent Wechsler IQ test and educable children entered thestudy. Also, before the training, the TVPS - II visual perception pretest wasadministered. Then, experimental group had their training for 8 weeks, 3sessions per week and 45 minutes each session. In the final stage, TVPS - IIvisual perception pretest was conducted. Based on the results of theMANCOVA analysis (with the control of pretest scores) sport visiontraining had an effect on the mean of all visual perception componentsexcept for form constancy test in the posttest (P<0.05). The results of thisstudy showed that sport vision training can improve the visual perception ofchildren with intellectual disability. Therefore, it is suggested that sportvision training is also used to treat and rehabilitate these children in thetreatment process.
Hamid Salehi; Zahra Zamanpour Boroujeni
Abstract
This study examined the effects of practice scheduling and attentional focus on learning a sport skill. 40 female high school students (mean age = 16.02 ± 0.88 years) practiced dart-throwing skill under either blocked or random practice schedules while their attention was directed ...
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This study examined the effects of practice scheduling and attentional focus on learning a sport skill. 40 female high school students (mean age = 16.02 ± 0.88 years) practiced dart-throwing skill under either blocked or random practice schedules while their attention was directed to either the skill (dart scores) or an irrelevant cue (auditory tones) using dual-tasks. Analysis of variance were conducted at baseline, practice phase and a delayed transfer test. Results demonstrated a significant score improvement from baseline to delayed transfer test for all groups. Furthermore, the greatest improvement from baseline to delayed transfer test was observed in random-irrelevant condition compared with the other conditions. In conclusion, the current study provided new information about the interactive relationship between practice scheduling and attentional focus during learning a sport skill.
Valiollah Kashani; Fateme Dehestani
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Group Conflict Questionnaire in male and female athletes. For this purpose, 281 athletes at different skill levels in 25 team and individual sports were selected through cluster random sampling method ...
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The aim of the present study was to determine psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Group Conflict Questionnaire in male and female athletes. For this purpose, 281 athletes at different skill levels in 25 team and individual sports were selected through cluster random sampling method and were asked to complete the Persian version of this questionnaire. Firstly, the accuracy of the translation was verified using back translation method. In addition, to determine questionnaire’s construct validity, SEM-based confirmatory factor analysis was used. Cronbach alpha coefficient was applied to examine internal consistency and test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient was used to investigate temporal reliability. The fitness indexes indicated proper fit of factor structure of the questionnaire. In addition, the Cronbach alpha coefficients for task conflict, social conflict and the whole questionnaire were 0.83, 0.84, and 0.90 respectively. The intra-class correlation coefficient for all factors and the whole questionnaire were acceptable (ɑ≥0.70). The findings, therefore, supported the two-factor 14-item structure of the questionnaire. Thus, the Persian version of the Group Conflict Questionnaire enjoyed an acceptable validity and reliability among Iranian athletes.
Massoumeh Ali Asghari Toyeh; Mozhgan Memarmoghaddam; Mitra Mohammadi
Abstract
One of the topics of interest to motor behavior researchers is to examine the different effects of attention strategies on motor behavior and brain activity.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention instructions on alpha and theta wave variations and the accuracy of dart throwing. ...
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One of the topics of interest to motor behavior researchers is to examine the different effects of attention strategies on motor behavior and brain activity.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of attention instructions on alpha and theta wave variations and the accuracy of dart throwing. 20 male students novice in dart (age range 19-22 years old) were voluntarily selected. This study was application. Firstly, the participants performed 10 attempts of dart throwing in the baseline (no attention instructions). Then, as a counterbalance, 20 practice attempts were performed in both the external and internal attention strategies. In all attempts, the alpha and theta brain waves of the subjects were recorded using biofeedback device and the radial error formula was used to measure accuracy. The data were analyzed by in-group variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the external attention strategy increased the accuracy of the dart throwing (P=0.0001), increased alpha wavelength (P=0.01) and reduced theta wave (P=0.01) in comparison with the internal attention strategy. These findings showed the need to use attention instructions particularly external attention in targeting skill task at a beginner level; therefore, it is suggested that coaches should use external attention strategy to improve the accuracy and intelligence of the brain in beginners.
Shima Shahidi; Ali Shafizadeh; Behnam Ghasemi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of mirror training on balance in patients with subacute stroke. The statistical population included subacute stroke patients referring to Tabassom stroke rehabilitation clinic in Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 subacute patients ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of mirror training on balance in patients with subacute stroke. The statistical population included subacute stroke patients referring to Tabassom stroke rehabilitation clinic in Tehran. The sample consisted of 30 subacute patients with inclusion criteria who participated in the study with their consent and volunteering. The Samples were randomly divided into experimental and control of mirror training. Both groups participated in the pre-test and intermediate test, which was performed after four weeks and post-test of Berg Balance Scale after eight weeks. The training program of two groups was the same and included eight weeks, each week, two sessions, each session 90 minutes Consist 60 minutes of normal rehabilitation and 30 minutes of training with mirror in experimental group and without mirror in control group. Data were analyzed by mixed analysis variance (2 * 3) with SPSS23 software. The results showed that all three factors of balance (p = 0.001), group (p = 0.001) and balance and group interaction (p=0.008) had significant effect. Balance was significantly different in all three stages of pre, mid and post-tests (P=0.001). The interactive effect of balance and group in the two experimental and control groups was significantly different between the three stages test (P = 0.001). Overall, mirror training improved the balance of patients with subacute stroke. Therefore, it is recommended to using a mirror training in the subacute stroke patient.
Nastaran Naderi Rad; Shahzad Tahmasebi
Abstract
The self-talk is one of psychological interventions that can be effective on improving and success in the motor performance and sport performance. So, the aim of the present study was to investigation effectiveness the motivational self-talkon secondary task performance (discrimination reaction time). ...
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The self-talk is one of psychological interventions that can be effective on improving and success in the motor performance and sport performance. So, the aim of the present study was to investigation effectiveness the motivational self-talkon secondary task performance (discrimination reaction time). 30 subjects have participated of the 160 students studying at the undergraduate from faculty of physical education and sport science in University of Tehran. They were divided randomly into two control and experimental groups. The intervention was conducted in two sessions per day and each session lasted one minute. The first primary task for the intervention group was walking on the treadmill with a slow speed whereas secondary task (discrimination reaction time), was performed in 10 attempts. The process was performed for the second order in the same manner with the difference that the experimental group performed motivational self-talk 15 seconds before the secondary task performance.Control group was performed test without intervention.The result of paired samples t-test showed that motivational self-talk in experimental group leads to a significant decrement in discrimination reaction time (P=0.001). Also, the result of Mann-Whitney U showed that reaction time in the experimental group decrease than control group significantly (P=0.002).
Rokhsareh Badami; Maryam Nezakatalhosseini; Fahime Rajabi; Mansoore Jafari
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effect of different levels of body mass index (BMI) on fundamental motor skills in 6-year-old children of Isfahan city. For this purpose, fundamental motor skills of 19 underweight children (grade 3 thinness) and 19 children with normal weight and 19 overweight ...
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The present study was designed to determine the effect of different levels of body mass index (BMI) on fundamental motor skills in 6-year-old children of Isfahan city. For this purpose, fundamental motor skills of 19 underweight children (grade 3 thinness) and 19 children with normal weight and 19 overweight children who were matched according to their gender and socioeconomic background were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC). Among 8 items of M-ABC, normal weight and overweight children differed on only one-leg balance with preferred leg and normal weight and underweight children differed on only walking heels raised item. However, the total motor impairment score which was calculated by the summation of the 8 item scores was higher in underweight and overweight children than their normal weight peers.
Fatemehsadat Hosseini; Omid Farjollahi
Abstract
Visual impairments as an individual constraint can lead to the lack of adequate visual perception and overshadow children’s all developmental aspects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a course of core stability training on fundamental skills in visually impaired ...
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Visual impairments as an individual constraint can lead to the lack of adequate visual perception and overshadow children’s all developmental aspects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a course of core stability training on fundamental skills in visually impaired boys. 30 visually impaired children (age range: 5-7 years) were selected by convenience sampling method. After the Ulrich pretest, they were randomly divided into two groups: the core stability training group and the ordinary daily activities. The experimental group participated in the core stability training for 16 sessions, each session 45 minutes. The control group carried out their daily activities. The results of mixed analysis of variance 2 × 2 and Bonferroni post hoc test indicated a significant difference in scores between the two groups so that the subjects of the experimental group outperformed the control group in all locomotors subscales (P<0.05). In general, the results of the study suggest core stability training as a suitable training model to promote fundamental motor skills in children with visual impairment because of increased levels of motivation and enjoyment of physical activity, the development of the children's physical self-concept and enhancement of abdominal and back muscles performance
mahtab arabi; Abdollah Ghasemi; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare observational models in learning motor task of receiving a volleyball ball and motor-cognitive task of juggling with 3 balls. The participants were 80 female students aged between 19 and 25. 40 subjects participated in each task. Participants were divided into ...
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The aim of this study was to compare observational models in learning motor task of receiving a volleyball ball and motor-cognitive task of juggling with 3 balls. The participants were 80 female students aged between 19 and 25. 40 subjects participated in each task. Participants were divided into 4 groups: novice model observation, expert, mixed and physical practice. All observational groups watched their own model via video tapes. In this study, some acquisition phases, retention and transfer tests were carried out in all two tasks. In acquisition phase, data were analyzed with ANOVA with repeated measures and in retention and transfer tests one-way ANOVA test and proper post hoc tests were used (P<0.05). In the acquisition phase, observation of expert-novice model in the motor task was better than the other groups but this predominance was not significant. But in the retention and transfer tests, observation of this model had a significant predominance. In the cognitive-motor task, the observation of novice model was better than the other groups during the acquisition phase, retention and transfer tests but this predominance was not significant in the transfer test. Finally,based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that various modeling methods should be used to learn different tasks.
