Hassan Kiaei; Jafar Nouri; Elaheh Shojaei
Abstract
The present study aimed at determining resources of sport self-confidence in elite bodybuilders and their relationship with body image. The subjects of study included 35 bodybuilders participating in qualifying tournaments of bodybuilding national team. A questionnaire for resources of sport self-confidence ...
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The present study aimed at determining resources of sport self-confidence in elite bodybuilders and their relationship with body image. The subjects of study included 35 bodybuilders participating in qualifying tournaments of bodybuilding national team. A questionnaire for resources of sport self-confidence and a questionnaire of physical self-description were used to collect data. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, one-sample ttest, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-variable regression with significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze data. The findings showed that ability demonstration (Mean=6.451 ± 0.787) was the most important resource of sport self-confidence in elite bodybuilders. Moreover, the results showed that bodybuilders had a positive body image (t(16.82)=31.94, P<0.001). Regarding the correlation between resources of sport self-confidence and body image, the results showed a positive and significant relationship between all resources of sport self-confidence (except for the vicarious experiences and coaches' leadership style) and body image and the highest level of correlation belonged to ability demonstration with body image (P<0.001, r=0.5920). Furthermore, the results showed that the body image of these bodybuilderswas a predictor of their sport self-confidence (β=0.520, t=3.497, P<0.001). The results of this study support Vealey’s sport self-confidence model.
Farzaneh Hatami; Farshid Tahmasbi; Elahe Mirmiran
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of physical fatigue on special skill of basketball shooting in expert players. 10 male basketball players (mean age 24.9 years and average sport experience 10.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. In the pretest, players performed 150 ...
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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of physical fatigue on special skill of basketball shooting in expert players. 10 male basketball players (mean age 24.9 years and average sport experience 10.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. In the pretest, players performed 150 shoots from 5 distances: 3.35, 3.96, 4.57, 5.18 & 5.79 meters from the basket (each location 30 shoots). In the posttest, RAST test was used to create fatigue. Players completely performed RAST once before performance in any distance, and then immediately performed their 30 shoots. The results of linear regression and one-sample t test showed a significant difference between actual and predicted performances of players at the penalty point in both pretest and posttest supporting the special skill effect.Results of dependent t test also revealed a significant difference in performance of players between in penalty point and the farthest point in pretest and posttest. Finings of this study suggested that players showed special skill in the penalty point and physical fatigue had no significant effect on the performance of players and did not reduce the quality of their performance at that point.
Davood Homanian; Abdolrahman Khezri
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Paaryaad training program on the development of motor skills of children aged between 6 and 8 who suffered from high function autism (HFA). For this purpose, 30 girls with HFA (mean age 7.1 ± 0.6 yr) were randomly selected from ...
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The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of Paaryaad training program on the development of motor skills of children aged between 6 and 8 who suffered from high function autism (HFA). For this purpose, 30 girls with HFA (mean age 7.1 ± 0.6 yr) were randomly selected from special schools of Sanandaj city. Then, according to the pretest scores, were assigned to control and experimental groups. Pretest and posttest scores were measured by Bruininks-Oseretsky test. Motor intervention program included 16 sessions of Paaryaad training. The K-S test was used to determine data distribution and Levin and ANCOVA tests were used to compare means. The results showed that Paaryaad training program affected significantly the development of the subscales of running speed and agility, balance, bilateral coordination and strength (P<0.05). But, the effect of this training program on the subscales of response speed, visual- motor control and upper limb speed and dexterity was not significant (P>0.05). According to these results, it could be argued that this training program may improve the fundamental skills of children with HFA.
Zahra Soori; Ali Heyrani; Rahman Souri
Abstract
The role of the training is to improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exercise intensity on learning, spatial memory and anxiety behaviors in rat with impair . In this study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into 5 healthy control groups, ...
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The role of the training is to improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exercise intensity on learning, spatial memory and anxiety behaviors in rat with impair . In this study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into 5 healthy control groups, Parkinson's control, Parkinson's (low, moderate, and high intensity) exercises. The creation of the Parkinson's Model was injected intra-brain-6-hydroxydopamine. To assess learning and spatial memory, Morris water maze test and Counting Counting were used as an indicator of anxiety behavior. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA at a significant level (P <0.05). Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine increased the duration of the platform and destroyed spatial memory (P <0.05), Although all three types of space memory training decreased significantly in Parkinson's rats significantly (P <0.05), high intensity exercise showed the greatest effect on learning and spatial memory (0.05). (P <0.05), there was a significant difference between the high and low intensity training groups (P <0.05). This difference was not significant between the moderate and low intensity groups in most of the variables (P <0.05). Different intensities, especially high intensity, improve the parameters of spatial memory
Shila Safavi; Maryam Nezakatolhosayne; Elham Abedi
Abstract
A match of the students' traits and teaching and training styles of sport skills has received researchers' attention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction of physical self-concept and coach-oriented and self-regulated training styles in acquisition, retention and transfer ...
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A match of the students' traits and teaching and training styles of sport skills has received researchers' attention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction of physical self-concept and coach-oriented and self-regulated training styles in acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball serve of collegiate female students. 50 female students (age: 18-25) were assigned to high and low physical self-concept groups. Then, each group was divided into coach-oriented and self-regulated styles. Participants exercised the criterion task for 6 weeks, 4 sessions per week in their special training condition. AAHPERD test and Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire were used for data collection. Acquisition tests were administered every week while retention and transfer tests were administered 3 days after the last training session and one hour after the retention test respectively. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and ANOVA. Results showed that the high self-concept group practicing the task with self-regulated style showed the best performance in acquisition, retention and transfer phases. The other groups showed similar performances. Results clearly showed that participants with high physical self-concept who exercised volleyball serve skill with self-regulated style had the highest skill acquisition and learning.
Somayeh Gharakhanlo; Parivash Nourbakhsh; Hossein Sepasi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of positive normative feedback on acquisition and retention of throwing skill. The method was quasi-experimental and the population consisted of the 5th grade elementary female students. 60 students were randomly selected from the population and were ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of positive normative feedback on acquisition and retention of throwing skill. The method was quasi-experimental and the population consisted of the 5th grade elementary female students. 60 students were randomly selected from the population and were randomly assigned to four different groups: normative task-orientation, non-normative task-orientation, normative self-orientation and non-normative self-orientation. In a pretest, all subjects attempted 10 throws receiving no feedback. Acquisition phase took 3 days in which each subject attempted a total of 60 throws (20 throws per day). All groups received feedback at this stage; however, only the positive normative group received 20% more feedback. After 48 hours, subjects responded to a retention test. The results showed no significant difference in feedback performance of groups in the acquisition phase. However, this difference was reported significant in retention phase. Tukey post hoc test revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of subjects between normative and non-normative self-orientation groups. No significant differences were observed between task-orientation and self-orientation subjects in their perceived merit
Asie Zoqi; Masoumeh Shojaei; Abdollah Ghasemi
Abstract
Children's development is shaped based on a combination of environmental, organism, physiological and genetic factors. Recent researches on the development of children and toddlers convincingly show that the best growth level happens in a motivating environment and a powerful support. This study ...
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Children's development is shaped based on a combination of environmental, organism, physiological and genetic factors. Recent researches on the development of children and toddlers convincingly show that the best growth level happens in a motivating environment and a powerful support. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of an environment affordance intervention on social development of toddlers aged between 24 and 42 months. The sample included 46 healthy toddlers aged between 24 and 42 months in Ghoochan city who were randomly selected by multi-stage cluster sampling methods. The subjects were assigned to three groups: experimental (n=16), kindergarten (n=15) and control (n=15). The experimental group was placed in an afforded environment for 36 sessions (3 months). To examine toddlers' home environment and afforded environment of experimental group, the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development– (AHEMD) was used for motor development and Vineland Scale was applied for social development. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings showed no significant differences in social development among the groups (P=0.963). The results indicated that environment affordances had no effects on toddlers' social development in the experimental group. Therefore, the present study concluded that environment affordance did not influence toddlers' social development aged between 24 and 42 months.
Seyedeh Samira Hoseini; Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Fazlallah Bagherzadeh; Azam Noferesti
Abstract
Introduction: Sports injuries are often associated with emotional and psychological challenges. Psychologists and team physicians should examine emotional reactions in addition to assessing physical factors. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on ...
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Introduction: Sports injuries are often associated with emotional and psychological challenges. Psychologists and team physicians should examine emotional reactions in addition to assessing physical factors. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on anxiety, depression, and anger caused by the psychological trauma of injury in injured athletes.Methods: The statistical sample of the research was 32 professional athletes injured due to psychological trauma who were selected conveniently, purposively, and with the approval of the experts from the Sports Medicine Federation. The athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of 16 people consisting of a treatment group and a control group. After applying the treatment, a post-test and a two-month follow-up test were conducted. The measurement tools in this research were Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory–2 (STAXI-2), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II). The data were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance statistical method (P<0.05).Results: The results showed that the difference between the experimental and control groups in reducing behavioral problems in the post-test and follow-up phase was significant. The follow-up results after two months also showed that there was a difference between the experimental and control groups in the amount of psychological reactions and the effectiveness of the treatment remained after 2 months.Conclusion: The results indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on psychological trauma reduces the psychological problems of athletes such as anxiety and depression, but does not affect anger control.
Sara Soori; Fazlolah Bagherzadeh; Rasoul Hemayat talab
Abstract
Introduction: In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating ...
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Introduction: In recent studies, balance and postural instability have been reported as a common motor disorder in Parkinson's patients, which leads to frequent falls, decreased quality of life, and mortality in these patients. On the other hand, evidence has shown that training is effective in treating motor and cognitive symptoms of neurodegenerative patients.Methods: For this purpose, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight rats including Healthy Control, Parkinson’s Control, and Parkinson’s Training. The animals in the training group were placed on a treadmill for four weeks. At the end of the course, motor disorders (balance and motor behavior) were evaluated using Rotarod and Open-Field tests, and biochemical factors were assessed by ELISA method. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significant level of P<0.05, via SPSS version 19 software.Results: The results showed that although the Parkinson's group without training was significantly lower in terms of motor performance than the other groups (P<0.05), four weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training increased the balance (P<0.05), and improved the motor disorders in Parkinson's rats (P<0.05). Also, training significantly increased the amount of serotonin (P<0.05), and tyrosine hydroxylase (P<0.05).Conclusion: In general, the findings of this study showed that moderate-intensity aerobic training can reduce the biochemical and motor disorders induced by 6-hydroxydopamine injections in rats’ models of Parkinson's disease.
Hasan Mohammadzadeh; Elaheh Yousefi
Abstract
Introduction: Growth is an uninterrupted, permanent, and continuous process and includes different dimensions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rhythmic rebounding exercises on children's motor proficiency and motivation with a 6-month follow-up period.Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental ...
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Introduction: Growth is an uninterrupted, permanent, and continuous process and includes different dimensions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rhythmic rebounding exercises on children's motor proficiency and motivation with a 6-month follow-up period.Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design. The statistical population was 9-10 years old children of Tabriz city, from which 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The pre-test included the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency and the Children's Movement Motivation questionnaire. The experimental group performed the exercises on the rebounder for eight weeks, and the control group did not receive any intervention.Then, the post-test was conducted similarly to the pre-test. After six months period,a retention test was taken from participants of both groups. Statistical analysis was performed using mixed model Analysis of Variance at a significance level of 0.05 via SPSS version 24 software.Results: The results showed that the rhythmic rebounding exercises had a significant effect on the motor proficiency and motivation of 9-10 years old children so 95% of changes in gross motor skill and 98% of changes in children's movement motivation were probably influenced by the rebounding exercises.Conclusion: Jumping is a fundamental activity in children's motor development and motivation provides inner force for movement. According to the findings of this research, since rhythmic activities can create motivation for movement and sports activities develop motor skills, it is crucial to provide the necessary equipment and measures for children to use these exercises.
Sahar Pirjamadi; Reza Aminzadeh; Ahmad Mahmoudi; Zahra Hematyar
Abstract
Introduction: The present study was conducted with the purpose of identifying the solutions and consequences of preventing Students' Hate and Leaving of Sport.Methods: The purpose of the research was applied and the research method was qualitative. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved ...
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Introduction: The present study was conducted with the purpose of identifying the solutions and consequences of preventing Students' Hate and Leaving of Sport.Methods: The purpose of the research was applied and the research method was qualitative. For this purpose, theoretical saturation was achieved with 21 experts in a purposeful judgment and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The data was collected using an exploratory approach through the identification process and its analysis using the qualitative software MaxQD. Also the retest reliability of the test was used.Results: In the current research, 104 indicators in the form of 14 concepts (use of knowledge and practice science, attention to personality-psychological characteristics, development of public sports, elimination of inappropriate habits in sports environments, advertising and promotion, economic, facilitating access, role of government and officials, Increasing participation, increasing awareness, improving the physical-psychological condition of society, changing beliefs, professional development, educational development) were identified.Conclusion: The current research emphasizes on the factors of motivational strategies, culture building, structural strategies, acculturation of sports in the society, increase of public health and development of sports infrastructures in preventing students from hating and practicing sports. In this context, paying attention to factors such as the construction and location of sports facilities in the school environment, increasing the hours of physical education in schools, preparation of sports programs on radio and television, holding morning sport programs, invite famous sport figures and offer discounts to teenagers in order to prevent students from hating and leaving of sport it is suggested.
Ali Yaghoobian; Fazlallah Bagherzadeh; Rasool Hemayattalab; Davood Homaniyan
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, the matter of the influence of mental skills on sports skills performance has become very important. The current research aimed to evaluate and compare the mental preparation of the male fencers of the Iranian national team and the elite male fencers of the world.Methods: The ...
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Introduction: Recently, the matter of the influence of mental skills on sports skills performance has become very important. The current research aimed to evaluate and compare the mental preparation of the male fencers of the Iranian national team and the elite male fencers of the world.Methods: The current research method was experimental. The statistical population of this research included the fencers of the national teams of Iran, Hungary, America, Russia, France, and Ukraine. The research samples were 58 fencers from selected countries. To measure the mental skills of fencers, the original version of the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3) questionnaire was used. To compare the mental skills of athletes from different countries, the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used.Results: The results showed that all elite male fencers achieved the highest scores in foundation mental skills including self-confidence, goal setting, and commitment, and the lowest scores were related to refocusing, focusing, and stress control skills. Also, the highest and the lowest scores of mental skills in this research were related to self-confidence and refocusing skills, respectively. Russian fencers scored the highest in all mental skills and Iranian fencers scored the lowest in the stress control skill.Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, fencers have less proficiency in two sub-skills of cognitive psychological and psychosomatic skills compared with the foundation mental skills. The fencers had lower strength in terms of the mental skill of focusing, refocusing, and stress control. Iranian and non-Iranian fencers were weaker in mental skills of stress control and refocusing.
Saeed Shokri; Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi; Behzad Behzadniaa
Abstract
Introduction: Goal setting as a cognitive intervention enhances performance. However, self-controlled goal setting during the learning process has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of self-controlled and coach-controlled performance goal setting on soccer passing ...
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Introduction: Goal setting as a cognitive intervention enhances performance. However, self-controlled goal setting during the learning process has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of self-controlled and coach-controlled performance goal setting on soccer passing learning, focusing on choice theory.Methods: The participants were 30 boys aged 18 to 28 years who did not participate in organized soccer training. First, the participants completed a pre-test and then participated in a quasi-experimental design and they were systematicallyassigned into one of three self-controlled performance goal setting, coachcontrolled performance goal setting, and control groups. After 15 training sessions,the acquisition test was taken immediately, and then after 72 hours, the retention and transfer tests were taken.Results: The results of the 2×3 (stage × group) analysis of variance showed that although the performance of the groups improved in the acquisition test, there was no significant difference between them. Also, one-way analysis of variance showed a difference between the groups in both retention and transfer phases and Tukey's post hoc test showed that both the self-controlled and coach-controlled goal-setting intervention groups performed better than the control group and the differences were significant.Conclusion: The findings of the research indicate that self-controlled and coachcontrolled performance goal-setting groups perform better than the control group and self-controlled goal-setting has more advantages than other groups. It is suggested to use a self-controlled goal-setting strategy in training protocol.
Mohammad Jalilvand; Malek Ahmadi; Abdollah hemayattalab
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the tactical games model on self-efficacy, physical activity enjoyment, and learning of badminton long serve in adolescent female students.Methods: The current research method was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test ...
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Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the tactical games model on self-efficacy, physical activity enjoyment, and learning of badminton long serve in adolescent female students.Methods: The current research method was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test research design that included two experimental and control groups. Thirty female students aged 9 to 12 years old voluntarily participated in the research. After being homogeneous according to anthropometric features, they were randomly assigned to two tactical games model (n=15) and traditional training (n=15) groups. The training program included a badminton training program that was conducted for eight weeks and three 60-minute sessions per week using two traditional and tactical games methods. The tools used in this study included the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the badminton long serve test.Results: The results of the analysis of covariance and independent samples t-test showed that the tactical games model group had a significant increase in self-efficacy, physical activity enjoyment, and badminton long serve scores compared with the traditional training group.Conclusion: Overall, these findings suggest that a training course with a tactical games model has advantages in some psychological variables and motor skills learning of badminton long serve compared with the traditional method.
Elina Kiani SHahvandi; Adell Donyai
Abstract
Introduction: Psychological disorders have a high prevalence among the population with diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of combined training on the levels of anger, happiness, and anxiety of women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Thirty-seven women with type-2 diabetes ...
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Introduction: Psychological disorders have a high prevalence among the population with diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of combined training on the levels of anger, happiness, and anxiety of women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: Thirty-seven women with type-2 diabetes were randomly assigned into two training (18 people, age: 60.6 ± 6.3 years, body mass index: 30.2 ± 1.3 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar: 161.4 ± 15.1 mg/dL) and control (19 people, age: 60.6 ± 6.4 years, body mass index: 29.9 ± 1.2 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar: 169.1 ± 16.1 mg/dL) groups. The training program consisted of 20 minutes of aerobic training with 50-75 % of heart rate reserve and also 40 minutes of resistance training with 50-75 % of 1RM, three sessions per week for 12 weeks. STAXI-2, PSWQ and Oxford Happiness Questionnaires were completed before and 48 hours after the training intervention. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired samples t-test and Analysis of Covariance statistical tests at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that after the training intervention, the subjects' anger (0.001) and worry (0.001) levels decreased and their happiness levels (0.001) increased significantly both compared with the pre-test and compared with the control group.
Conclusion: It seems that 12 weeks of combined training (resistance + aerobic) is suitable for improving disorders related to anger, happiness, and anxiety in women with type-2 diabetes and also can help these people manage this disease and related complications.
Zahra Fathirezaie; Elham Khodadadeh; Seyed Hojjat Zamani Sani
Abstract
Introduction: Research evidence indicates that the environment is an important factor in improving children's development. However, little research has been done in the rural children population regarding the effect of motor affordances on cognitive abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate ...
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Introduction: Research evidence indicates that the environment is an important factor in improving children's development. However, little research has been done in the rural children population regarding the effect of motor affordances on cognitive abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the developmental environment affordances of rural children and their executive functions enhancement.Methods: The present research was an ex-post facto correlational study, which was conducted as field research with applied research purposes. The statistical population of this study was 8 to 10-year-old primary school children (Mean age = 9.10) of East Azerbaijan province from which 93 children were selected through random cluster sampling method as the study samples to participate in the study. To measure the motor development affordances in the home environment, the AGMDQ-1, and to measure the executive functions, BRIEF test were used.Results: Based on the results of the multiple linear regression test, a positive significant relationship was observed between motor affordances and inhibition (P=0.042) and between motor affordances and initiation (P=0.008) in 8 to 10-year-old children. Also based on the results, no significant relationship was observed between motor development affordances including stimulants, home environment and active toys, and other components of executive functions (P>0.05).Conclusion: Based on the results of the present research, children's living environment is an important factor in predicting the components of their executive functions. Accordingly, it is suggested that to improve executive functions during childhood, children should be in richer environments (in terms of the presence of affordances such as active toys).
sepide jalali; Hassan Mohammadzade; jalal Dehghanizade
Abstract
Introduction: Menopause is the beginning of a new era in a woman's life. This period, like all other stages of life, has positive and negative aspects. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on serum BDNF level, balance, and quality of life in menopausal and non-menopausal ...
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Introduction: Menopause is the beginning of a new era in a woman's life. This period, like all other stages of life, has positive and negative aspects. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on serum BDNF level, balance, and quality of life in menopausal and non-menopausal women.Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design that included two experimental and two control groups. The sample consisted of 60 menopausal and non-menopausal women (age 45.77±1.77 years) who were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned into four groups of 15 people. Fasting blood was drawn from all the participants 48 hours before the start of training and after the end of the training period. Then both experimental groups performed Pilates exercises for 12 weeks, three sessions per week and each session lasted 60 minutes. Also, the participants similarly performed the Y dynamic balance test and completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire in pre-test and post-test.Results: The results of Mixed ANOVA showed a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test of menopausal and non-menopausal women in relevant variables, so it can be said that probably 91%, 76%, and 94% of the changes in serum BDNF levels, balance and quality of life of menopausal and non-menopausal women are influenced by Pilates exercises. However, no significant effect was observed in the relevant variables of control groups (P≤0.05).Conclusion: Pilates exercises can be an effective strategy to improve serum BDNF levels, balance, and quality of life in menopausal and non-menopausal women.
Mahdi Mollazadeh; Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Mahbobeh Ghayour; Ali Mogaddam
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex on the reaction time and performance of skilled soccer players.Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and a post-test design. The statistical ...
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Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex on the reaction time and performance of skilled soccer players.Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and a post-test design. The statistical population of this research was the skilled male soccer players of Tehran province in 1401, 36 of whom were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into three Primary Motor Cortex Stimulation (N=12), Sham Stimulation (N=12) and Control (N=12) groups. For the primary motor cortex stimulation during transcranial direct current stimulation intervention, the anode electrode was placed at the C3, and the cathode electrode was placed at Fp2. To check and analyze the research hypotheses, the dependent t and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests with Bonferroni posthoc test were used via SPSS version 22 software.Results: The results showed that in the Motor Cortex tDCS group, the average reaction time after electrical stimulation decreased from 354.25 ± 71.58 to 256.41 ± 63.72 milliseconds, and the average performance increased from 46.00 ± 6.14 to 5.83 ± 68.41. So, according to the significance level of 0.05, a significant difference was observed in reaction time and performance (P <0.05).Conclusion: The results showed that the electrical stimulation of the primary motor cortex affects the reaction time and the performance of skilled soccer players. Since the current research was conducted on skilled soccer players, it is suggested to be as cautious as possible in generalizing the results of this research to novice soccer players and athletes.
zahra khosravi; Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah; Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah
Abstract
Introduction: Upper crossed syndrome causes movement limitation and weakness in people's movement functions. This study aimed to compare physical literacy and upper extremity movement functions in girls with and without the upper crossed syndrome.Methods: The method of this research was descriptive and ...
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Introduction: Upper crossed syndrome causes movement limitation and weakness in people's movement functions. This study aimed to compare physical literacy and upper extremity movement functions in girls with and without the upper crossed syndrome.Methods: The method of this research was descriptive and causal-comparative using field data collection. The statistical population of the research included two groups of healthy 10- to 12-year-old female students and also students with the upper crossed syndrome in Khalkhal City in the academic year of 2022-2023. Using G-power software, the statistical sample size was determined to be 60 people. These people were screened using a checkerboard and after quantitative height assessment, they were assigned to two Healthy (30 people) and the Upper Cross Syndrome (30 people) groups. Forward head angle and forward shoulder angle were measured using photography, kyphosis angle was measured using the Goniometer-pro app. The Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy – version 2 (CAPL-2) questionnaire was used for the evaluation of physical literacy and Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (UQYBT) was used to assess upper limb function. The Data were analyzed using an independent t-test in SPSS-26 software at the significant level of 0.05.Results The results showed that healthy girls were significantly in a better condition in all variables of physical literacy and upper limb function than girls with the upper crossed syndrome.Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it is suggested that coaches and sports and health professionals use the results of this study to develop the physical literacy and functions of students with the upper crossed syndrome.
Javad Nasiri; Rasool Zeidabadi; Mohammad reza Shahabi kaseb
Abstract
Introduction: Achieving a high level of motor learning requires finding an optimal combination of variables and methods. This research aimed to investigate the interactive effect of the focus of attention (internal and external) and learning approach (explicit and implicit) on the retention and transfer ...
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Introduction: Achieving a high level of motor learning requires finding an optimal combination of variables and methods. This research aimed to investigate the interactive effect of the focus of attention (internal and external) and learning approach (explicit and implicit) on the retention and transfer of basketball free throw skills.Methods: Forty-eight volunteer male students were randomly assigned to four Explicit Learning - Internal Attention, Explicit Learning - External Attention, Implicit Learning - Internal Attention, and Implicit Learning - External Attention groups. In the acquisition phase, the groups practiced basketball free throws in 6 blocks of 10 trials. 24 hours after the end of the acquisition phase, a retention test and two transfer tests were performed in a block of 10 trials for each test. The first transfer test was performed 10 minutes after the retention test under pressure conditions, and the second transfer test was performed ten minutes after the first transfer test from a 4-meter distance and a 45-degree angle.Results: The results showed that in explicit learning conditions, the external focus of attention and in implicit learning conditions, the internal focus of attention led to better learning in basketball free throw.Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, the cognitive overload of the explicit learning approach was moderated by providing the external focus of attention instructions. However, in the implicit learning approach, due to the use of analogy learning, little cognitive load is exerted on the learners’ working memory and it is possible to direct their attention to the skill itself or parts of the body that are involved in the execution of skill to achieve the benefits of the internal focus of attention.
Fatemeh Keshvari; Alireza Farsi; Behrooz Abdoli
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players.Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± ...
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Introduction: This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players.Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± 1.34) and Novice (10 participants with a mean age of 22.55 ± 1.80) groups participated voluntarily. The data were measured using 28 electrodes from a 32-channel wireless device and were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test (p≥0.05).Results: The alpha power of the elite group was higher than the novice group (P=0.001). The successful throws showed lower alpha power than unsuccessful throws (P=0.006). In the comparison of the two groups, the alpha power in the unsuccessful throws of the elite group was higher than in their successful throws (p=0.001), but no difference was observed between the alpha power of the successful and unsuccessful throws of the novice group (p=0.584). The alpha power during the execution time of the free throw task was higher than the pre-execution time (p<0.005), but there was no difference between the first and second pre-execution times (p=1.000). The results of the present study showed that the elite group had higher cortical activity than the novice group in all electrodes (p<0.001).Conclusion: The findings show that the elite group performed the task with less cortical complexity by inhibiting irrelevant information. In addition, the decrease in alpha power in successful throws indicates an increase in activation of cerebral cortex and an increase in concentration, so that the task can be performed with fewer neural resources.
Hasan Alikhani; Narjes Sayari
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of morning exercise based on coordinated movements on the process of cognitive self-regulation of emotions in second-grade male elementary school students.Method: The current research was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and a post-test ...
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Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of morning exercise based on coordinated movements on the process of cognitive self-regulation of emotions in second-grade male elementary school students.Method: The current research was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and a post-test along with a control group design. For this purpose, 40 students from the second-grade elementary school were selected by the available sampling method and then randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Garnefski and Kraaij’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) was used in both the pre-test and post-test phases. According to the instructions of the Sports for All Federation and the researcher's design, the experimental group participated in morning exercise based on coordinated movements for 8 weeks, 5 days a week, and for 20 minutes every day. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done through analysis of covariance with a significance level of 0.05 via SPSS 24 software.Results: Morning exercise had a significant effect on the improvement of students' self-regulated emotion and caused an increase to it. The results of the Wilk’s Lambda test (P=0.0001) and the within-group and between-group contrast test in the experimental group (P=0.0001) and the control group (P=0.09) showed the progress and significant difference of the experimental group compared with the control group.Conclusion: Participating in morning exercise based on coordinated movements increases students' self-regulation of emotion. Therefore, it is suggested that sports coaches and relevant officials of schools consider morning exercise in the daily schedule of schools.
Mohammad Rahimi; afrooz gholamali; Mohammadkazem Vaezmousavi; masoud gholamali lavasani
Abstract
Introduction: In recent decades, adolescents and young people in the country have turned to soccer and the need to pay attention to their basic training seems essential. Therefore, this study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational-motor intervention on the achievement motivation ...
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Introduction: In recent decades, adolescents and young people in the country have turned to soccer and the need to pay attention to their basic training seems essential. Therefore, this study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational-motor intervention on the achievement motivation of adolescent soccer players.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the research method was a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all 12 to 16 years old adolescents attending the soccer school of Saipa Cultural and Athletic Corporation in Tehran in 2022. Among them, 60 people were selected based on the inclusion criteria and then assigned to experimental and control groups (30 people in the experimental group and 30 people in the control group). The research instrument was the Achievement Motivation Questionnaire (Hermans, 1970). The experimental group received the educational-motor intervention training in sixteen 60-minute sessions, and the control group was on the waiting list. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of covariance via SPSS Statistics 23 software.Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test and follow-up phases (P<0.05), and the educational-motor intervention improved the achievement motivation of adolescents attending soccer school (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the educational-motor intervention can be effective in improving the achievement motivation of the adolescents attending the soccer school of Saipa Cultural and Athletic Corporation. It is recommended that curriculum designers in the Ministry of Sports and Youth use this method to improve the achievement motivation of adolescents in soccer schools.
Karim Baharlouei; V.S. Wangwad
Abstract
Introduction: The Purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a progressive relaxation training period on muscle efficiency and performance of archery athletes. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 40 male ...
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Introduction: The Purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a progressive relaxation training period on muscle efficiency and performance of archery athletes. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 40 male archery athletes were randomly selected and placed in two groups of relaxation and control exercises. In the pre-test stage, the participants made 9 archery throws, during which the electrical activity was recorded using an electromyography device. According to the method proposed in the methodology of the research, the training phase of progressive relaxation was done in six weeks and three sessions each week and each session lasted 30 minutes. After the training phase, the post-test phase was conducted, where the participants performed 9 archery throws, as in the pre-test phase, during which the electrical activity was recorded using an electromyography device. The data was analyzed by univariate covariance analysis.Results: The results indicated that progressive relaxation intervention on performance (P<0.05), the electrical activity of biceps muscle (P<0.05) and triceps muscle electrical activity (P<0.05) has a significant effect.Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study emphasize the importance of a progressive relaxation program on muscle efficiency and archery performance.
Ghamar Mehri; Hasan Mohammadzadeh; Malek Ahmadi
Abstract
Introduction: Hearing impairment is a type of children's sensory disorder that cause problems in the daily life of children and parents. This research aimed to determine the effect of sensory-motor training on fine motor skills and the psychological well-being of children with hearing impairment.Methods: ...
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Introduction: Hearing impairment is a type of children's sensory disorder that cause problems in the daily life of children and parents. This research aimed to determine the effect of sensory-motor training on fine motor skills and the psychological well-being of children with hearing impairment.Methods: This applied research was a quasi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included children with a hearing impairment from the elementary exceptional student education center in Ardabil City. To participate in this research, the hearing threshold of each student was measured using an audiometer. By using the convenience sampling method, 20 samples were selected and assigned to two control (N=10) and experimental (N=10) groups. The measurement tools included Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS) for fine motor skills and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for psychological well-being assessment. No training was given to the groups before the intervention. The experimental group performed 45-minute sessions of sensory-motor integration training for eight weeks and six days a week, by imitating the coach's movements and trying to coordinate with the group at the same time. The control group participated in daily activities. The analysis of the covariance (ANCOVA) test was used for statistical analysis.Results: sensory-motor integration training had a significant effect on improving children's fine motor skills and well-being and cause improvement in the levels of both factors.Conclusion: Participating in sensory-motor training can be of great help in reducing motor and psychological problems of children with hearing impairment.
