Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
ahmad Ghotbi Varzaneh; hamed fahimi; Khajavi Daryoush
Abstract
Introduction:Children with developmental coordination disorder exhibit weaknesses in performing and tracking aiming-catching tasks. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of visual occlusion on aiming-catching skills and quiet eye duration in children with developmental coordination disorder. Methods: ...
Read More
Introduction:Children with developmental coordination disorder exhibit weaknesses in performing and tracking aiming-catching tasks. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of visual occlusion on aiming-catching skills and quiet eye duration in children with developmental coordination disorder. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a repeated measurement design, 26 children with developmental coordination disorder with an age range of 7 to 9 years were selected from among the girls and boys with developmental coordination disorder in Khorasgan Welfare and Rehabilitation Center of Isfahan. The participants threw 10 balls towards the wall and simultaneously catching the return ball under three conditions of full vision, initial occlusion, and late occlusion. At the same time as throwing and receiving the ball, the eye movements of the participants were recorded by a eye tracking device, as well as their performance score. The data were analyzed by within group analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni post hoc test.Results: The results showed that the performance of aiming-catching skills and the length of the quiet eye period in the conditions of initial occlusion and late occlusion were significantly weakened compared to the conditions without occlusion (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that initial occlusion caused further weakening of aiming and catching skills as well as a shorter period of quiet eye compared to late occlusion (P<0.05).Conclusion: In general, the results of the present research support the role of the pre-programming system in the implementation of aiming and catching skills in children with developmental coordination disorders.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
amir dana; Mansour khalilzadeh Kouchameshki
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the present research was to study the effect of motivational self-talk on endurance performance with an emphasis on the role of self-determination. Methods: The participants included 18 physical education students with a history of regular exercise with an average age of 21.08 ...
Read More
Introduction: The aim of the present research was to study the effect of motivational self-talk on endurance performance with an emphasis on the role of self-determination. Methods: The participants included 18 physical education students with a history of regular exercise with an average age of 21.08 ± 2.5 years, who volunteered after getting acquainted with the objectives of the research and the application of its results in the current research. Participated. In three basic conditions, autonomous motivational self-talk (self-determining), controlled motivational self-talk (coach-determining) within the group, their endurance performance was measured in Bruce's test based on the time to complete exhaustion, and the perception of pressure was measured by Borg's test. Results: The results of the analysis of variance of repeated measures showed that self-talk in the self-determining condition compared to the coach-determining condition led to a decrease in the perception of pressure and improved endurance performance. The results of Benferroni's post hoc test showed that self-talk in coach-determining and self-determining conditions compared to conditions without self-talk led to improved endurance performance. Conclusion: In general, it seems that the autonomous motivational climate in the situation where the athlete played the main role in choosing and using the type of self-talk phrases; compared to the controlled motivational climate where the trainer determined the type and use of self-talk statements; By fulfilling the psychological needs of independence, connection and competence, it provided the basis for improving endurance performance and reducing the perception of pressure in athletes.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Davoud Fazeli; Hossein Taghizadeh; Fatemeh Jabbari; Leila Ghohestani
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to directly manipulate feedback in physical execution and action observation to address whether feedback serves as a justifying variable for the different effects of physical practice, observational practice, and motor imagery.Methods: Sixty right-handed students participated ...
Read More
Introduction: This study aimed to directly manipulate feedback in physical execution and action observation to address whether feedback serves as a justifying variable for the different effects of physical practice, observational practice, and motor imagery.Methods: Sixty right-handed students participated in this study and were randomly divided into six groups as follows: physical, observational, mental, physical without feedback, observational without feedback, and control. The participants practiced golf putting for one day (9 blocks of 18 trials). The training groups practiced the task physically, observationally, or through imagery based on the aforementioned grouping. The physical without feedback and observational without feedback groups were prevented from observing the ball's stopping point. The accuracy of the participants' shots and the number of dynamic degrees of freedom were measured as performance variables.ResultsIn the movement accuracy variable, it was shown that removing feedback in physical practice and observational practice reduces performance to the level of mental practice. However, in the number of dynamic degrees of freedom, it was shown that motor imagery differs significantly from the groups without feedback, and removing feedback in these two conditions did not make them similar to mental practice.Conclusion: These results were explained based on different underlying mechanisms. It was argued that physical practice is a perception-based training and motor imagery is a cognitive cognition based practice that relies on memory representation for movement production. In contrast, observational practice is a bidirectional perceptual-cognitive process.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Ruhollah Mohammadi Mirzai; Majid Mohammadi
Abstract
Introduction: Decreased physical activity levels among elementary school students has become a significant public health concern. The Daily Mile (TDM) is an innovative school-based intervention that positively affects children's health markers. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate ...
Read More
Introduction: Decreased physical activity levels among elementary school students has become a significant public health concern. The Daily Mile (TDM) is an innovative school-based intervention that positively affects children's health markers. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of school-based intervention (The Daily Mile) on the development of physical literacy and quality of life of primary school children. Methods: The statistical population included male students of Noorabad city with an age range of 8 to 10 years, which is 200 people (100 people in the experimental group, 100 people in the control group) using the cluster sampling method and performing physical literacy tests (CAPL-2) and completing the questionnaire Quality of life (Peds QL) participated in this research as a pre-test and post-test. The experimental group participated in the daily mile program three times a week for two months, and the control group did their usual activities. Results: The results showed that daily incline intervention had a significant effect on physical literacy(P=0.001),daily physical activity (P=0.001),physical competence (P=0.001), motivation and self-confidence (P=0.001),knowledge and understanding (P=0.001) and quality of life (P=0.001), physical performance (P =0.001), emotional performance (P=0.001),social performance (P =0.001), and academic performance (P=0.001),of the participants. Conclusion: According to the results, it is suggested to use TDM intervention at the level of schools in the country in order to prevent the abandonment of physical activity and the proper development of the level of physical literacy and quality of life of children.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Zohreh Khalilpourshiraz; Behzad Behzadnia; Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between self-supportive behaviors with basic psychological needs, sleep quality and mindfulness in athletes.Methods: The present research method was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population of the present ...
Read More
Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between self-supportive behaviors with basic psychological needs, sleep quality and mindfulness in athletes.Methods: The present research method was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population of the present study was athletes (girls and boys) with an age range of 20-30 years, who had at least three years of experience in one of the competitive sports fields (team and individual) and were members of one of the sports teams in Tabriz city. A total of 134 athletes were selected through available sampling and completed demographic information questionnaire, self-supporting and self-thwarting behaviors questionnaire, basic psychological needs satisfaction and need frustration questionnaire, Pittsburg sleep quality index questionnaire, and mindful, attention, awareness scale questionnaire.Results: The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-supportive behaviors and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and between self-thwartive behaviors and the frustration of basic psychological needs.Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that athletes who develop more self-supportive behaviors in themselves experience more satisfaction of needs and are therefore more mindful and can have better sleep quality, which can be effective in their better sports performance. Therefore, it is suggested to sports coaches to take advantage of self-supportive behaviors to take interventions with the aim of helping athletes to recover themselves and to promote the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in order to improve the level of performance and mental health of athletes.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
ebrahim moteshareie; mahin aghdaei; zima Abdollahi
Abstract
The current research is semi-experimental using a pre-test-post-test design with an intervention control group. For this purpose, 24 active volleyball players in the Southwest Tehran Volleyball Board were selected based on the entry criteria and were randomly divided into two experimental (N=12) and ...
Read More
The current research is semi-experimental using a pre-test-post-test design with an intervention control group. For this purpose, 24 active volleyball players in the Southwest Tehran Volleyball Board were selected based on the entry criteria and were randomly divided into two experimental (N=12) and control (N=12) groups. In the experimental group, the subjects received a 60-70 minute session of the mindfulness program based on improving sports performance for six weeks. At this time, in the control group, in the same conditions as the experimental group, the chat program was conducted, including a review of the history, rules and some analyzes of volleyball. In the pre-test and post-test, measurements were taken of all the people present in the two experimental and control groups, including the mental performance and mental strength questionnaire, as well as the sports performance test in volleyball. To analyze the data, statistical tests of mixed analysis of variance and Anova and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used with SPSS software.
Findings: The results of mixed variance analysis in the variables of mental strength, smooth execution and performance showed that the main effect of the test (between pre-test and post-test stages) and also the effect of group interaction with the test were significant (p<0.05). No difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in the scores of mental strength, smooth performance and performance in the pre-test (p>0.05). However, in the post-test stage, a significant difference was observed in the research variables between the two groups (p<0.05).
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Nazli ilchizadeh; Mohammadtagi Agdasi; Zahra Fathirezaie
Abstract
Introduction: Executive functions control, direct and coordinate cognitive processes. The purpose of the current research is to determine the comparison of the electrical responses of different brain regions in Implicit and Explicit learning of a motor skill in teenage girls with cold executive functions.
Methods: ...
Read More
Introduction: Executive functions control, direct and coordinate cognitive processes. The purpose of the current research is to determine the comparison of the electrical responses of different brain regions in Implicit and Explicit learning of a motor skill in teenage girls with cold executive functions.
Methods: The current research method was of semi-experimental type, with a pre-test and post-test design, in which 20 girls aged 12 to 14 years were purposefully selected and placed in two groups of overt and covert learning. In the pre-test phase, people threw 15 darts and simultaneously brain waves were recorded with an electroencephalography device. Then both groups underwent 60-minute training sessions for five consecutive days. After finishing the exercises, on the sixth day, the memorization and transfer test was done. The results were analyzed using Matlab, SPSS and Excel software at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that the response of different parts of the nervous system in the form of brain waves in five brain regions DLPFC, OFC, CF, Frontal, All Frontal was not significant in the explicit learning method and not significant in the Implicit learning method.
Conclusion: Based on the present results, it can be said that the explicit learning method causes positive changes at the level of the cerebral cortex, but Implicit learning needs long-term strengthening. Therefore, explicit learning can be an effective intervention to improve brain waves and promote motor skill learning in individuals with cold executive function.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
mohammad reza shahabi kaseb; shima mohammadpour; rasool zeidabadi; Ensieh Sadat Askari Tabar
Abstract
Introduction: During their careers, sports referees are influenced by various internal and external factors and have different and diverse lived experiences that can affect their performance. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to investigate the psycho-social experiences of sports referees.
Methods: ...
Read More
Introduction: During their careers, sports referees are influenced by various internal and external factors and have different and diverse lived experiences that can affect their performance. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to investigate the psycho-social experiences of sports referees.
Methods: In terms of methodology, this research is in the field of qualitative studies of the phenomenological type. The participants in the research included male and female referees in different team sports disciplines in 1400-1401, who had at least three years of judging experience in provincial leagues up to national professional leagues. The participants in the study were selected through purposeful sampling. Sampling continued until the stage of reaching saturation, and finally, 20 referees from different fields participated in the research. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the qualitative data, the seven-step Colisei method was used. Also, to avoid bias and convergence, multi-strain (data, researcher) was utilized.
Results: Based on the analysis of the findings of the present research, there are three main themes related to pleasant experiences, including problem-oriented coping strategies, using mental skills, and mental resilience/toughness. Additionally, three main themes related to unpleasant experiences were identified, including job stress, cognitive anxiety, and depression.
Conclusion: The results have shown that the work of refereeing has had both pleasant and unpleasant psychological and social effects on Iranian referees.Therefore, awareness and mutual understanding of these experiences can be the basis for necessary decisions by managers and sports officials of the country.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
hanie akbarabadi; Davoud Fazeli; parvaneh Shamsipour
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of differential training and contextual interference on learning and mental representation of the golf shot.
. Fifty female students with an age range of 20-35, were purposefully selected. Participants were randomly divided into five groups: ...
Read More
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of differential training and contextual interference on learning and mental representation of the golf shot.
. Fifty female students with an age range of 20-35, were purposefully selected. Participants were randomly divided into five groups: random differential learning, blocked differential learning, random contextual interference, blocked contextual interference, and control. Standard golf balls and sticks, circular targets with a diameter of 11 cm on a grass field with dimensions of 9 x 4 meters, and mental representation measurement software were used to carry out the task. In the pre-test, the subjects performed the task of measuring mental representation and took 15 golf shots from a distance of 3 meters. During the acquisition phase of 12 blocks, participants made 15 attempts in accordance with the educational instructions related to their groups. 24 hours after the acquisition session, they participated in a memory test under similar conditions to the pre-test
.Results
The results showed that the performance of the random differential group was significantly different from the other groups and performed weaker than them (P=0.001). In the retention test, the random differential and random contextual interference groups had higher accuracy than the blocked differential and blocked contextual interference groups (P=0.001). However, in the transfer test, the differential learning groups performed more accurately than all the groups. There was a significant change in mental representation in memory in the random differential group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
shole farahmand; elahe arabameri; shahzad tahmasebi boroujeni; Mehdi M Mirbagheri; morteza heidari
Abstract
Introduction: Researches that investigated the function of the upper limb of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, used single-handed tasks including the technique of limiting the healthy hand initially and then the approach of bimanual movement, such as intensive bimanual therapy, but the research ...
Read More
Introduction: Researches that investigated the function of the upper limb of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, used single-handed tasks including the technique of limiting the healthy hand initially and then the approach of bimanual movement, such as intensive bimanual therapy, but the research that investigate the effect of bimanual handball catching exercises, not observed. the purpose of this study was to investigate hand performance after bimanual catching handball exercises in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.
Methods: The participants were 5 children referred to Fakhr Sadegh Clinic with an average age (10.2±2.28) who were selected Convenience. The parents of the children completed the consent form. Each participant was tested once before and once after training using the Purdue pegboard test, and the performance of one-handed, two-handed simultaneously and consecutively was checked. The participants performed two 30-minute sessions of bimanual exercises every week for a total of six weeks.
Results: The results were analyzed through spss27 software. Paired t-test showed that the performance of the less affected hand and consecutive bimanual coordination increased significantly, but simultaneous bimanual coordination did not improve significantly. Also, the Wilcoxon test did not show a significant improvement in the more affected hand.
Conclusion: The improvement of consecutive bimanual coordination after bimanual catching handball exercises can be due to the use of the ball, which improved the cognitive dimension more than the motor dimension
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
mohsen shirmohamadloo; Somayeh Namdar Tajari
Abstract
The mechanisms of the cute effect of eaobic exercise on cognition and neuroelectrical dependents are not completely clear. The present study aims to investigate the impact of physical activity on evoked potentials during the flanker attention task through the analysis of event-related potentials (ERP).Method: ...
Read More
The mechanisms of the cute effect of eaobic exercise on cognition and neuroelectrical dependents are not completely clear. The present study aims to investigate the impact of physical activity on evoked potentials during the flanker attention task through the analysis of event-related potentials (ERP).Method: fifteen adolescent boys with an average age of 14.07±1.12 participated in this study. The participants came to the laboratory on two different days. Once without running and once after 20 minutes of aerobic running, they performed the flanker test while recording ERP. Using EEGLAB, ERP components including P2, N2, and P3 were extracted in Fz and Pz channels. Wilcoxon non-parametric test and SPSS version 20 software were used to answer the research hypotheses.Results: The results of the research showed that a session of aerobic exercise significantly increased the amplitude of the P3 and N2 in the Fz channel and decreased the delay time of their appearance (P<0.05). These changes were not confirmed in the Pz channel. The amplitude of the P2 did not change significantly due to aerobic running (P<0.05), but this component appeared significantly earlier in the Pz channel (P<0.05).Conclusion: The study's results demonstrated that the endogenous ERPcomponents during the flanker attention task were significantly enhanced following aerobic Exercise. The quicker appearance of the P2 is likely a result of improved perception in the parietal region. Therefore, engaging in aerobic physical activity is suggested as a method to enhance cognitive performance before engaging in activities that require high levels of mental processing.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Mahdi Rahzani; Jalil Moradi
Abstract
Introduction: Vision is one of the most important senses in learning motor skills and in this regard the role of visual illusion is very important, therefore this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of visual illusion on learning dart throwing skills in beginners.
Methods:The ...
Read More
Introduction: Vision is one of the most important senses in learning motor skills and in this regard the role of visual illusion is very important, therefore this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of visual illusion on learning dart throwing skills in beginners.
Methods:The participants included 20 teenagers with an average age of 17 years, who were selected as convenience sampling from the community of secondary school students. After the pre-test, the participants were divided into two experimental groups (modified darts with visual illusion)and control (normal darts). Both groups did 10 training sessions. Immediately after the practice sessions, the post-test and two hours after the post-test, the immediate retention and transfer tests and a week later, the delayed retention and transfer tests were held. For data analysis, Mixed design analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used.
Results: The results showed that in both the experimental and control groups, a significant improvement was observed in the performance of darts skills from the pre-test to the post-test(p < 0.05). However, the comparison between the experimental and control groups showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups in all stages of acquisition, retention and transfer.
Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the bigger perception of the target does not affect the performance and learning of darts skills and probably does not affect the motor control system. It is suggested to investigate the effect of visual illusion in new conditions in future researches.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Moniralsadat Arvin; Zohreh Meshkati; Rokhsareh Badami
Abstract
Purpose and context: Executive brain functions are a vital indicator of athletic success, and one of the interventions that can affect them is quadrato exercises. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of these exercises at the behavioral level on the executive function ...
Read More
Purpose and context: Executive brain functions are a vital indicator of athletic success, and one of the interventions that can affect them is quadrato exercises. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of these exercises at the behavioral level on the executive function of semi-skilled athletes.
Research method: A total of 100 semi-skilled female athletes participating in club levels of shooting sports in the age range of 15 to 18 years were selected from among the shooters of Yazd province using an accessible method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. In separate sessions, each of the Wisconsin, N-Back, and Flanker card tests was taken to measure executive function. The intervention of Quadrato exercises was performed for 6 minutes every day for 28 days. Then, the post-test was taken according to the pre-test. The data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate covariance tests in SPSS version 26 software and the significance level was considered (p<0.05).
Findings: The findings showed that quadrato exercises improved response inhibition by 12.6%, working memory by 21.6%, and cognitive flexibility by 18%.
Conclusion: The results of this research were in line with the structural and functional research of the brain. Quadrato motor training at the behavioral level had a positive effect on the three cores of executive function (cognitive flexibility, working memory, response inhibition) and can be a suitable intervention to increase the executive function of athletes.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Muthanna Kadhim Jasim Al-Graee; Farzaneh Davari; Mazin hadi kzar Altaie; Zohreh Meshkati
Abstract
Introduction: Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum appears to be an effective method for improving balance in elderly individuals compared to other brain regions, no comparative studies have been conducted on the effects of tDCS on the cerebellum versus the dorsolateral ...
Read More
Introduction: Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum appears to be an effective method for improving balance in elderly individuals compared to other brain regions, no comparative studies have been conducted on the effects of tDCS on the cerebellum versus the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) on static balance in elderly men. The present study aimed to compare the effects of tDCS on the cerebellum and dlPFC on static balance in elderly men.
Methods: This semi-experimental study employed a pre-test-post-test design with 60 healthy elderly men aged 60 to 80 who volunteered to participate. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups of 15 individuals each: tDCS of the cerebellum, tDCS of the left dlPFC, sham tDCS of the cerebellum, and sham tDCS of the dlPFC. Static balance was assessed pre- and post-intervention using a force plate over three 30-second attempts. The intervention lasted two weeks, consisting of five consecutive sessions per week, each session lasting 20 minutes. Data were analyzed using univariate covariance analysis.
Results: The findings indicated that both tDCS of the cerebellum and dlPFC significantly improved static balance (anterior-posterior and central-lateral displacement of the center of pressure) in elderly men (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the effects of tDCS on the cerebellum and dlPFC regarding static balance in elderly men (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that trainers and geriatric specialists utilize the benefits of tDCS on the cerebellum and dlPFC to improve static balance in elderly men.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Zahra Fathirezaie; Robab Basel Younes; Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi
Abstract
Introduction: Mental fatigue significantly impacts sports performance, particularly in precision-oriented disciplines such as air pistol shooting. This research aims to investigate the effects of mental fatigue on performance accuracy and alpha wave activity with EEG in air pistol athletes.
Method: This ...
Read More
Introduction: Mental fatigue significantly impacts sports performance, particularly in precision-oriented disciplines such as air pistol shooting. This research aims to investigate the effects of mental fatigue on performance accuracy and alpha wave activity with EEG in air pistol athletes.
Method: This semi-experimental study involved two groups, consisting of 20 shooters divided into a mental fatigue group (N = 10 participants) and a control group (N = 10 participants). The Stroop test was employed to induce mental fatigue. Sports performance was assessed by having participants shoot 15 arrows at a shooting range, while alpha wave activity was measured using a 30-channel electroencephalography (EEG) device in two phases: before and after the shooting test. Statistical analysis was conducted using MATLAB, EEGLab, Excel software and 2x2 mixed analysis of variance with SPSS version 26 software at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results indicated that the mental fatigue group exhibited a decrease in shooting accuracy performance and an increase in alpha wave activity across five brain regions (F4, Ft7, C4, T8, P7), specifically in the frontal, central, temporal, and parietal areas. However, no changes were observed in the control group.
Conclusion: These results highlight the significance of managing mental fatigue in precision-oriented sports and suggest the development of training programs and coping strategies aimed at reducing mental fatigue to enhance athletes' performance.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Mohammadreza Doustan; Ozra Narimisaei; Masoumeh Hosseinzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of training with different rhythms of music on the coupling of bimanual movement.methodology: The participants were 48students (15-17 years old) who were divided into three groups of 16 people. In the pretest, they performed four ...
Read More
Introduction: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of training with different rhythms of music on the coupling of bimanual movement.methodology: The participants were 48students (15-17 years old) who were divided into three groups of 16 people. In the pretest, they performed four bimanual movements of varying difficulty, which included circle-line drawing. In the exercise, only the task of drawing circle- right hand and horizontal line- left hand was done. Three training sessions (4blocks of 10trials) were performed. During the training, the first group listened to music with 120 beats per minute and the second group listened to 90 beats per minute. The third group practiced without music. They did the immediate post-test and 48 hours later the retention and transfer test. For statistical analysis, mixed-ANOVA test were performed using SPSS software.Findings: The results showed that training with music in simple transfer and retention tests led to improvement in the spatial pattern of the bimanual circle-line drawing task, but in the difficult transfer test, the exercises, especially in the first group caused a drop in performance. So that in the time pattern or the number of circle-line in the difficult transfer test, a performance drop was observed and a negative transfer occurred.Conclusion: Overall, after the training, perhaps due to the simplicity of the task, strong bimanual coupling did not occur. Also, temporal coupling was stronger than spatial coupling, and the higher the tempo of the music, the higher the amount of bimanual coupling.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Ahmad Nikravan; Zahra Jafarzade; Mohammadali Salianeh
Abstract
Variation in the reception of information from depth receptors and environmental information can affect an individual's control performance. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of walking exercises with variable speeds at different surfaces as the task and environmental constraints ...
Read More
Variation in the reception of information from depth receptors and environmental information can affect an individual's control performance. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of walking exercises with variable speeds at different surfaces as the task and environmental constraints on balance and fear of falling. The present study was semi-experimental and was conducted as a pre-posttest with the control group. A total of 21 elderly women over 60 years old in Semnan were selected through purposive sampling and after completing the Berg Balance Test and the Short Fall Efficacy Scale questionnaire, they were randomly assigned to three groups. The fixed-constraint practice group performed walking exercises at a constant speed on a flat and smooth surface, while the variable-constraint exercise group performed balance and strength exercises with variable speed on an uneven and slippery surface. The results showed that participants' progress due to the effect of the exercises and both balance and fear of falling variables was significant. The results confirmed the different effects of variable strength and balance walking and variable speed exercises on balance; however, no statistically significant difference was observed between the three groups in the variable of fear of falling. Based on the results, walking practice at variable speeds along with manipulation of environmental constraints, can be much more useful for improving balance. Accordingly, it is suggested that this type of exercise can be considered as part of daily activity interventions and even therapy and rehabilitation in centers working with the elderly.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Farzane Barmaki; mehdi sohrabi; Aireza Saberi Kakhki
Abstract
The purpose this study was determining the effect of the selected movement program on reading comprehension and reading of seven to nine-year-old, dyslexic students. The target population included all seven- to nine-year-old dyslexic students of Ferdows. Participants assigned to three groups of selected ...
Read More
The purpose this study was determining the effect of the selected movement program on reading comprehension and reading of seven to nine-year-old, dyslexic students. The target population included all seven- to nine-year-old dyslexic students of Ferdows. Participants assigned to three groups of selected exercises, experimental and control. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Intervention applied in selected and experimental groups. The participants were evaluated in two phases before and after the training period. While two training groups were intervened based on their defined program; The control group didn’t do any training. The selected training program used based on the Blight approach(learn attention, balance and coordination) was designed and done in four weeks. In order to collect data related to reading disorders, the participants were asked to take a test one day before starting the exercises. Then the experimental groups participated in the selected movement training program for4weeks(12sessions) and the control group did not follow the targeted training program. each training session was approximately70minutes, which included 10 minutes of warm-up, 50minutes of stationary exercises (attention, balance and coordination practicing) and10minutes of cool-down. Descriptive statistics(mean and standard deviation) and due to the normality of data distribution, parametric tests and inferential statistics of one-way and multivariate covariance analysis used in this study. The results showed that the participants of the selected training group based on the Blight approach performed better than others in both task. The results confirm the selected exercises based on the Blight approach.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Behzad Mohammadi Orangi; mehdi shahbazi; behnaz bakhshinezhad
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare linear, nonlinear, and differential and TGFU methods on individual and team creativity and decision-making in combination with inclusive education.
Methods: To achieve this goal, 64 male children (10.22±1.73) were selected as available samples. For ...
Read More
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare linear, nonlinear, and differential and TGFU methods on individual and team creativity and decision-making in combination with inclusive education.
Methods: To achieve this goal, 64 male children (10.22±1.73) were selected as available samples. For two months, children practiced futsal skills two sessions every week and each session lasted 90 minutes in four groups (12 normal children, two hyperactive children and two DCD children in each group). The number of observed actions was recorded and analyzed for each variable: individual creativity, team creativity, and decision-making creativity. Part of the data was analyzed descriptively and the rest with 2 (time)*4 (group) ANOVA test.
Results: The results of this study indicate that the linear method has less impact on individual, team, and decision-making creativity compared to the nonlinear, TGFU, and differential methods. The nonlinear group outperformed the others in original and creative actions, team creativity, and decision-making. In the inclusive education section, individuals with disabilities showed better performance in post-tests for creative actions, original actions, team creativity, and decision-making in the nonlinear, differential, and TGFU groups compared to the linear method.
Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the importance of integrating inclusive education with non-linear methods, in which the manipulation of constraints can cover the weaknesses of children with problems. These results can be used in schools.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
seyedehakhtar hesari; hamid reza tahery torbaty; Alireza Sabery Kakhki
Abstract
Introduction: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a course of targeted exercises based on a difficulty index on the balance of the elderly.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 75 elderly ...
Read More
Introduction: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a course of targeted exercises based on a difficulty index on the balance of the elderly.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, 75 elderly women in Mashhad, aged 65 to 75 years, were selected through voluntary participation and placed in five groups: standard-target distance, standard-variable distance, standard-target distance, variable-target distance, variable-target distance, and control. In the pre-test phase, participants stood on the Biodex balance board. The intervention phase was conducted for six weeks, with three sessions per week, in which participants performed 10 blocks of 10 attempts with two minutes of rest between blocks according to the available instructions. After completing the training phase, the post-test phase was conducted in which participants stood on the Biodex balance board as in the pre-test phase. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance.
Results: The results indicated that the standard-target-standard distance, standard-target-variable distance, variable-target-standard distance, and variable-target-variable distance interventions had a significant effect on improving the balance of elderly women (P<0.05). Other results also indicated the superiority of the standard-target-standard distance effect compared to the effect of other interventions in improving the balance of elderly women (P>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it was determined that equilibrium would be facilitated by keeping the difficulty index constant, as this occurred in the test results of the group with the same difficulty index.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Razie parnow; Ayoob Sabaghi; Behrooz Ebrahimi
Abstract
Introduction:This study aimed to compare the effects of linear and nonlinear teaching methods of Heidelberg Ball School games on physical activity levels, self-efficacy, and enjoyment of activity in 7- to 9-year-old girls.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 30 girls aged 7 to 9, ...
Read More
Introduction:This study aimed to compare the effects of linear and nonlinear teaching methods of Heidelberg Ball School games on physical activity levels, self-efficacy, and enjoyment of activity in 7- to 9-year-old girls.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with 30 girls aged 7 to 9, divided into two groups of 15 (linear and nonlinear teaching). The intervention consisted of 8 weeks of training (3 sessions per week), and participants' physical activity levels were measured during the intervention and two months post-intervention using the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire (Zamani et al., 2019).Additionally, the Self-Efficacy and Enjoyment of Physical Activity Questionnaires by Murano et al. (2019) were administered before and after the intervention.Results: The results of the mixed ANOVA analysis revealed that the nonlinear teaching approach had a significant effect on increasing physical activity levels, self-efficacy, and enjoyment of physical activity (P<0.05). The main effect of the group was significant across all dependent variables, indicating notable differences between the linear and nonlinear groups. However, the main effect of time and the interaction effect of time × group did not reach statistical significance for any of the dependent variables (P>0.05).Conclusion: The nonlinear teaching of Heidelberg ball games, by enhancing self-efficacy and enjoyment of physical activity, has a greater impact on improving and sustaining physical activity levels among 7- to 9-year-old girls compared to linear teaching. These findings can serve as a scientific basis for designing more effective educational programs to promote children's participation in physical activities.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Aysen Habibly; Ali Mostafaloo; Abedin khosravi
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of group games and creativity on the shyness, anxiety and creativity of preschool children in Gonbad Kavus city.Methods: The current research is of semi-experimental and field type with pre-test-post-test. The statistical ...
Read More
The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of eight weeks of group games and creativity on the shyness, anxiety and creativity of preschool children in Gonbad Kavus city.Methods: The current research is of semi-experimental and field type with pre-test-post-test. The statistical population of the research was made up of six-year-old preschool children in Gonbadkavus city in the academic year of 1401-1402. For this purpose, 36 six-year-old preschool children were selected as volunteers and available and were randomly divided into three groups of 12 (group play group, creative play group, and control group). Both experimental groups participated in 8 weeks and two sessions each week, each session lasting 45 minutes. In order to collect data before the implementation and after the completion of the intervention, Spence Anxiety Questionnaire (2003), Stanford Shyness Questionnaire (2008) and Torrance Creativity Questionnaire (1979) were used and for data analysis, analysis test was used. Multivariate covariance (Mancova) was used.Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference (P<0.001) between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in terms of shyness, anxiety and creativity. And group games and creativity-based games have improved creativity and reduced shyness and anxiety in the experimental group compared to the control group.Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, it is suggested that, in addition to the usual interventions for students, a variety of group and creativity-based games should be used to promote creativity and reduce shyness and anxiety.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
leila ghandehari alavijeh; hamidreza taheri torbati; alireza saberi kakhki
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a selected virtual reality exercise program emphasizing environmental enrichment on continuous performance and brain waves in patients with Parkinson’s disease. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test with a control group. The sample consisted ...
Read More
This study investigated the effects of a selected virtual reality exercise program emphasizing environmental enrichment on continuous performance and brain waves in patients with Parkinson’s disease. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test with a control group. The sample consisted of 30 patients with moderate Parkinson's disease (aged 55-65) referred to outpatient rehabilitation centers in Tehran. Participants were randomly assigned to three ten-person groups (control, traditional exercise, virtual reality exercise). The tools used included virtual reality equipment, EEG for recording brain waves (delta, theta, alpha, beta, sensorimotor rhythm), and the Vienna Test System for assessing continuous performance. The training protocol consisted of 1-hour sessions over three weeks (twice weekly). The control group received no exercise, the traditional exercise group performed physical exercises, and the virtual reality group performed game-based exercises. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed significant differences between the three groups in continuous performance variables (omission errors and commission errors) and brain waves (p<0.05). Post hoc Bonferroni tests confirmed significant differences between the groups. Both the traditional and virtual reality training groups demonstrated significant differences in continuous performance and brainwave changes compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that both virtual reality and traditional exercises significantly improve continuous performance and brain waves in Parkinson's disease patients. Based on these findings, it is recommended that virtual reality technology be used as a novel and effective tool in designing rehabilitation programs for Parkinson's disease patients.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Mostafa Hajlofalian; Faeze Heydari; Elham Dehghan Niri
Abstract
Introduction: Sports talent identification (STI) is a complex process that benefits from insights across various scientific fields to enhance credibility. Nowadays, artificial intelligence has proven effective in prediction and classification tasks. Given that talent identification fundamentally revolves ...
Read More
Introduction: Sports talent identification (STI) is a complex process that benefits from insights across various scientific fields to enhance credibility. Nowadays, artificial intelligence has proven effective in prediction and classification tasks. Given that talent identification fundamentally revolves around accurately predicting and classifying individuals, leveraging AI can be truly transformative. This study aims to explore how artificial intelligence can be used for STI.
Methods: Despite the diversity of sports disciplines, four categories were selected: ball sports, racket sports, martial arts, and aquatic sports. The expert's opinion method was used to prioritize the selected indicators, which include anthropometric, somatic, motor control, biomechanics, physical and mental fitness factors. A total of 310 participants (boys and girls aged 6 to 16) were evaluated and labeled based on their scores. To assess the relationship between each component and the labels, independent t-tests were conducted, resulting in the selection of six key components for each category. Finally, the Perceptron 6-1-1 neural network was used to check the accuracy and validity of STI.
Results: The results of neural networks showed that the accuracy of the network for classifying people in ball sports, rocket sports, martial arts, water and other sport fields were 97.9, 97.9, 87.2, 91.5 and 80.8% respectively, which is a high and desirable accuracy.
Conclusion: Finally, it can be said that determining the principal components of each sports field and designing an artificial neural network helps researchers and coaches to know the important indicators of each field and use it for STI.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
saeed shokri; , Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi
Abstract
Introduction: A warm-up decrement is a temporary and fleeting decrease in an individual's performance that occurs following a short-term rest period. It can be reduced by practicing cognitive techniques during the rest period. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect ...
Read More
Introduction: A warm-up decrement is a temporary and fleeting decrease in an individual's performance that occurs following a short-term rest period. It can be reduced by practicing cognitive techniques during the rest period. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of overt and covert self-talk on the warm-up decrement of indirect billiards.
Methods: 70 participants were divided into seven homogeneous groups of 10 based on their indirect billiards hit scores in the pretest, including overt instructional self-talk, covert instructional self-talk, overt motivational self-talk, covert motivational self-talk, overt irrelevant self-talk, covert irrelevant self-talk, and control groups. They performed the task for 15 minutes, and their final score of 10 performances was recorded. Then they rested for 5 minutes, and then performed 10 performances. During the rest period, the participants performed self-talk related to their group. And the same steps were repeated once again with a 2-minute rest interval.
Results: The obtained scores were analyzed by combined analysis of variance (7x2) at a significance level of 0.05, and Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine the differences between the groups at different stages. The results showed that the instructional and motivational self-talk groups (overt and covert) performed better than the unrelated self-talk and control groups, and their difference was significant.
Conclusion: According to the research results, athletes can use overt and covert instructional and motivational self-talk to reduce warm-up decrement during rest periods.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
moslem tarajian; ali heyrani
Abstract
Introduction. In this regard, old age was recognized as one of the important stages of human development, which was usually accompanied by in all dimensions of growth. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fall-proof and multi-component exercises on balance performance, ...
Read More
Introduction. In this regard, old age was recognized as one of the important stages of human development, which was usually accompanied by in all dimensions of growth. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fall-proof and multi-component exercises on balance performance, cognitive functions, and reaction time in the elderly.
Research Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up design with a control group. In this study, the sample size was determined based on the expected rate of progress, previous studies, and GPower software. Forty-five elderly men aged 65 to 75 years were randomly selected and divided into three equal groups: fall-proof training group, multi-component training group, and control group. Data collection was performed using the Brief Cognitive Status Test, Balance Performance Scale, and Reaction Time Test. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine the differences between groups in the post-test and follow-up test. All statistical operations were performed using the updated version of SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05.
Findings: The results showed that fall-proof and multi-component training had a significant effect on balance performance, cognitive functions, and reaction time. These effects led to a significant improvement in the participants' scores from pre-test to post-test, and the positive changes were maintained in the follow-up test.
Conclusion: Therefore, it was recommended that these exercises be used as a suitable rehabilitation method for the elderly, especially those who have suffered a stroke.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Seyed Hassan Mousavi; Sayed Esmaeil Hosseininejad; Mansoureh Shahraki
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of gait training with Somatosensory rhythmic stimulation on the muscle activity of the lower limbs of the elderly.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 29 elderly individuals (mean age: 71.68 ± 4.35; mean weight: 69.2 ...
Read More
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of gait training with Somatosensory rhythmic stimulation on the muscle activity of the lower limbs of the elderly.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 29 elderly individuals (mean age: 71.68 ± 4.35; mean weight: 69.2 ± 5.74; mean height: 166.2 ± 6.52) were selected using available and targeted sampling. They were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (16 individuals receiving walking training with Somatosensory rhythmic stimulation) and a control group (13 individuals without any training).The training sessions were conducted for 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week lasting 30 minutes each.Muscle activity data was collected using electromyography in pre-test and post-test stages.The results were analyzed using SPSS software and covariance statistical method at a significance level of 0.05.
Findings: The activity of the vastus lateralis muscle significantly decreased during the loading response and swing phase (P<0.05). Additionally, the Tibialis anterior muscles showed a significant increase in the loading response phase and mid-stance, while the Gastrocnemius muscle showed increased activity in the propulsive phase following training with Somatosensory rhythmic stimulation to enhance walking performance (P<0.05).
Conclusion:The increased activity of the Gastrocnemius muscle likely contributes to improving ankle and knee joint dynamics. Moreover, the enhanced activity of the Tibialis anterior muscle in the first half of the stance phase suggests improved ankle stability and reduced knee loading by decreasing vastus lateralis muscle activity.Therefore, Somatosensory rhythmic stimulation exercises can be considered an effective method for enhancing elderly gait.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
elahe siavashi; ayoub hashemi; abouzar saadatian
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different cognitive conditions in dyad trainings on the improvement and stability of executive functions (working memory, response inhibition) of table tennis players.
Methods: In a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test ...
Read More
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different cognitive conditions in dyad trainings on the improvement and stability of executive functions (working memory, response inhibition) of table tennis players.
Methods: In a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test and retention design, 24 boys (mean age 15.03±0.076) were selected through convenience sampling from boys' schools in yasouj city and randomly assigned to two groups: high cognitive load and low cognitive load. Both groups performed dyad trainings for 6 sessions with their respective cognitive engagement levels. Each session consisted of 20 repetitions (3 minutes) with a 1-minute rest period between repetitions. The participants' working memory and response inhibition were measured by the n-back and go/no go tests in the pre-test, post-test, and retention stages, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.
Results: The results showed that both high and low cognitive load groups had a significant effect from pre-test to retention on working memory (P<0.05), and the high cognitive load group performed better than the low cognitive load group. Neither group showed a significant effect on response inhibition (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: In general, the results of the present study indicate that dyad trainings with high cognitive load provide the possibility of improving the working memory of table tennis players.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Hassan Mohammadzade; sara soltanifar; zahra afazeli
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of gender stereotypes threat and conceptions of Ability on (a) motor performance (soccer dribbling) and (b) working memory (2- back) in young adolescent girls.
Methods: Ninety participants (Mage = 14.02 years old) were randomly ...
Read More
Introduction: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of gender stereotypes threat and conceptions of Ability on (a) motor performance (soccer dribbling) and (b) working memory (2- back) in young adolescent girls.
Methods: Ninety participants (Mage = 14.02 years old) were randomly assigned into a gender stereotype threat and a control group (neutral; without stereotype threat). Each group was further randomly divided into inherent ability and acquired skill subgroups. Research tasks included soccer dribbling and the n-back test. In the pre test, they performed 1 blocks of five trials soccer dribbling and n-back test. in the practice phase, the individuals performed 12 blocks of five trials and then 48 hr later in retention and transfer (under pressure) participated in the same way as the pre test.
Results: Findings showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in the acquisition phase of the soccer dribbling task (p >.05), but there was a significant difference in time and error scores in the retention and transfer tests. However, gender Stereotype threat and ability concepts did not affect working memory.
Conclusion: Implicit activation of gender stereotypes does not always lead to negative consequences. Possible mechanisms regarding the effect of gender stereotypes threat and conceptions of Ability on motor performance and working memory were discussed.
Keywords: Motor skill, Stereotype threat, Working memory
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Foad Niknasab; Mahmoud Sheikh; Fazlollah Bagherzadeh; Davood Homanian; Ali Moghadamzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: CTherefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of virtual reality training on gross and fine motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a repeated measures design, 24 boys aged 7 to 10 years from ...
Read More
Introduction: CTherefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of virtual reality training on gross and fine motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a repeated measures design, 24 boys aged 7 to 10 years from Tehran diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) were selected based on inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two groups: virtual reality training and control. Participants completed the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2) at pretest. The intervention phase lasted six weeks, with three 20-minute sessions per week, during which the virtual reality group performed the prescribed training program while the control group engaged in their usual daily activities. A posttest was conducted in the final session. Follow-up assessments were performed one day and 42 days after the posttest to evaluate short-term and long-term effects, respectively. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: The results showed that virtual reality training led to a significant improvement in both gross and fine motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) (p < 0.05). Additionally, the findings indicated that the improvements in gross and fine motor skills were maintained in both short-term and long-term follow-up tests (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the results, virtual reality training can likely be used in clinical and home programs to improve gross and fine motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), as it can stimulate interest and promote active participation.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
heidar hanoon; ali heyrani; ehsan amiri
Abstract
Introduction: This research investigates the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation, in one or more sessions, on the executive functions of novice tennis players.
Methods: 27 novice male tennis players (mean age 20.29 ± 0.29) were randomly and double-blindly divided into three groups: experimental ...
Read More
Introduction: This research investigates the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation, in one or more sessions, on the executive functions of novice tennis players.
Methods: 27 novice male tennis players (mean age 20.29 ± 0.29) were randomly and double-blindly divided into three groups: experimental group 1 (5 sessions of anodal stimulation), experimental group 2 (1 session of anodal stimulation), and control group (no anodal stimulation). Stimulation was applied for 20 minutes at an intensity of 2 mA in the M1 and DLPFC regions. Indicators of selective attention, working memory, response inhibition and cognitive flexibility were measured before (pre-test), after 5 sessions (post-test) and 2 weeks after the intervention (retention). For statistical analysis, a repeated measures ANOVA test (3x3 factorial design) was used.
Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the intervention groups in the indicators of selective attention and working memory in any of the evaluation stages (P> 0.05). However, experimental group 1 showed a more significant improvement in response inhibition (p= 0.018) and cognitive flexibility (p= 0.14) indices in the retention test compared to the control group, while no significant difference was observed between the other groups (P> 0.05). Both experimental groups showed significant improvement in all indicators in the post-test and retention. Notably, experimental group 1 showed a significant improvement in all indicators from post-test to retention (P<0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, both single-session and multi-session tDCS enhance executive functions in novice tennis players, with repeated stimulation yielding more durable cognitive benefits.
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
ebrahim norouzi; Habibolah Khazaie
Abstract
Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of physical activity as a therapeutic intervention for depression. However, recent research has highlighted the importance of incorporating psychological techniques, such as functional imagery, into exercise programs. The present study aimed ...
Read More
Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of physical activity as a therapeutic intervention for depression. However, recent research has highlighted the importance of incorporating psychological techniques, such as functional imagery, into exercise programs. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a combined physical activity and functional imagery program on psychological indices in individuals with major depressive disorder.
Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 patients with Major Depression Disorders (MDD) were randomly assigned to three groups: a physical activity group, a combined group (physical activity and functional imagery), and a control group. All participants were assessed at three time points: pre-intervention, post-intervention(8 weeks later), and follow-up (four weeks later). Measured variables included symptoms of depression, anxiety, sleep quality, and reaction time.
Results: The combined group exhibited significantly reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety, along with improved reaction time compared to the control group. Both intervention groups effectively decreased symptoms of depression, but only the combined group showed improvements in sleep quality over the time.
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that combining physical activity with functional imagery is a comprehensive and effective therapeutic approach for depression. This intervention not only reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety but also enhances motor-cognitive function. The results of this study can contribute to the improvement of treatment programs for patients with depression
Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
Motor Development and Learning
Vahid Khajeh; Zohreh Meshkati
Abstract
Introduction: Early childhood parent-child relationship is vital to emotional development and mental health, this study was intended to explore a movement-based (quality time) relationship between mothers and their preschool-aged Childs and the outcome on attachment styles and anxiety symptoms.
Methods: ...
Read More
Introduction: Early childhood parent-child relationship is vital to emotional development and mental health, this study was intended to explore a movement-based (quality time) relationship between mothers and their preschool-aged Childs and the outcome on attachment styles and anxiety symptoms.
Methods: This study was a non-randomized quasi-experimental post-test design conducted in the city of Isfahan. It involved 24 children aged 3 to 5 years old and their mothers, who participated in 18 joint mother-child physical activity sessions based on Teraplay therapeutic play principles. A control group consisting of 16 children received no intervention. Attachment was assessed using the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ), and child anxiety was measured using the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale – Parent version (SCAS-P). Initial data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), controlling for maternal age and prior participation of the child in sports classes before the intervention.
Results: The level of attachment in the experimental group was significantly higher (p < 0.01) while anxiety level was significantly lower (p < 0.04) than that of the control group. Reductions in avoidance and negative attachment were also seen.
Conclusion: The results support that structured mother-child physical activities can foster secure attachment and decrease anxiety in young children. These results support the feasibility of using movement-based therapeutic interventions in early child mental health and parenting programs.
