Sahar Mirkoobandi; Morteza Taheri; Khadijeh Irandoust
Abstract
Locomotion fundamental skills play an essential role in improving motor development throughout the life span as they provide children with better development by enhancing search abilities in environment. This study aimed at comparing the locomotion fundamental skills in 7-year-old children with lower ...
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Locomotion fundamental skills play an essential role in improving motor development throughout the life span as they provide children with better development by enhancing search abilities in environment. This study aimed at comparing the locomotion fundamental skills in 7-year-old children with lower extremity deformities and healthy children. The statistical population consisted of 7-year-old male students with lower extremity deformities in Qazvin city. After a list of schools was prepared, some schools were randomly selected. Then, 96 subjects with lower extremity deformities (flat foot, genu valgum and genu varum) were identified in a primary screening. To evaluate knee alignment, varrum and valgus, a caliper with accuracy of 1.1 mm was used. To measure foot curve, CSI method was used. To analyze the locomotion skills, Ulrich test of gross motor development (second edition) was applied. The results showed no significant differences between flat foot and genu varum groups and control group in fundamental skills (P>0.05). Significant differences were found between genu valgum group and control group in locomotion fundamental skills (P<0.05). The results showed that genu valgum deformity can have a negative effect on children's performance in locomotion skills and also disrupt the natural alignment of the lower extremities.
Mohammadreza Doustan; Leila Farzad; Esmaeel Saemi; Maliheh Niknam
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of handedness and task difficulty on effective target width and temporal accuracy of the Fitts’ speed-accuracy tradeoff task. The present study was semi-experimental and the tools used included Edinburgh handedness questionnaire, light pen, speed-accuracy ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of handedness and task difficulty on effective target width and temporal accuracy of the Fitts’ speed-accuracy tradeoff task. The present study was semi-experimental and the tools used included Edinburgh handedness questionnaire, light pen, speed-accuracy measurement device, laptop, chronometer, and metronome. The statistical population consisted of students aged between 14 and 15. The sample included 20 students who participated in this study by convenience sampling method. They were divided into two groups: left-hand and right-hand (each group 10 subjects). Each participant performed 4 trials (each trial 30 seconds) of dual target tapping task in rhythm with the metronome sound. The trials consisted of two easy and difficult tasks and each subject performed each task with dominant and not-dominant hands in rhythm with the metronome sound set up at 300 milliseconds. For statistical analysis of data, variance analysis with repeated measures was used at the significance level of 0.05. The results showed that in dominant hand, the handedness and difficulty of the task had no significant effect on the effective width of the target (P=0.973, P=0.611). Also, the handedness did not affect the average time lag (P=0.135, P=0.785), but in non-dominant hand, the average time lag was more for the difficult task than the simple task (P=0.001). In difficult tasks, participants seem to be trying to keep the spatial error rate constant by reducing the speed of the movement and to sacrifice speed for the spatial accuracy. Also, the time error (mean lag) is more influenced by the difficulty of the task than the handedness.
Ameneh Honarmand; Shila Safavi
Abstract
The use of attention instructions type is one of the most important variables in the process of motor skill learning. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of attention instruction type feedback, and autonomy on children's motor learning. For this purpose thirty-six children (M±SD ...
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The use of attention instructions type is one of the most important variables in the process of motor skill learning. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of attention instruction type feedback, and autonomy on children's motor learning. For this purpose thirty-six children (M±SD 7.05 ± 0.45 years) were asked to perform a bowling task with their dominant hand. They divided into 3 groups (external focus, the internal focus of attention, and control). Participants in the acquisition phase practiced tasks in a counterbalanced order based on feedback and choice (Autonomy) conditions and after 24 hours they take part in retention test without feedback and instructional attention and autonomy .The acquisition phase in each condition(1-without feedback and autonomy,2-with feedback,3- with autonomy,4-with feedback, and autonomy). The data were analyzed by ANOVA and ANCOVA. The results of the retention phase showed that the type of attention focus without feedback and autonomy had a greater bowling accuracy and the external focus of attention with autonomy was better than other conditions. The present study did not show the beneficial effects of attention instruction type feedback, and autonomy on children's motor learning.The results showed that motor learning in children was different from adults.Based on our results in children external attention focus and feedback with autonomy have not similar effects with adult motor learning.
Ghazal Mohamadi; Masomeh Shojaei; Afkham Daneshfar
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of variability of attentional focus distance by self-talk on the learning of table tennis forehand in. After pretest, the participants performed 180 forehand strokes during 6 sessions with repeating the words “slightly rotation” ...
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of variability of attentional focus distance by self-talk on the learning of table tennis forehand in. After pretest, the participants performed 180 forehand strokes during 6 sessions with repeating the words “slightly rotation” in the internal focus group “slightly open” in the near external focus group, “over the net ” in the far external focus group, and each of the words “slightly rotation, slightly open, and over the net ” respectively in each 2 sessions in the increasing distance of attentional focus group. Control group performed without self-talk during acquisition phase. Retention test was performed 48 hours after acquisition test in the same situation without self-talk, and after break, transfer test was done by changing the direction of target (parallel forehand) without self-talk. The accuracy and the pattern of forehand strokes were measured by a 5 point-scale (Liao and Masters, 2001) and researcher-made scale, respectively) .According to the results of 2-factor mixed ANOVA, acquisition, retention, and transfer of forehand accuracy in internal focus of attention group were significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05).Furthermore, the effect of increasing attentional focus distance on acquisition of forehand pattern was significant. The effect of near external attentional focus on retention of pattern was significant. But transfer of stroke pattern in control group was significantly more than far external focus group (p<0.05). Thus, it is recommended to use self-talk by increasing attentional focus and near external attentional focus and not to use internal focus of attention to instruct forehand to novice adolescents.
Ali Fathizadeh; Parham Sistani; Ahmad Torkfar; Hassan Mohammadzadeh
Abstract
A motor task performance and imagery show several parallel characteristics. In this study, the effect of a voluntary speed change in mental images of a complex difficult sequence of karate techniques on subsequent motor performance was assessed. 24 male karate volunteers (mean age: 24.58±5.27 ...
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A motor task performance and imagery show several parallel characteristics. In this study, the effect of a voluntary speed change in mental images of a complex difficult sequence of karate techniques on subsequent motor performance was assessed. 24 male karate volunteers (mean age: 24.58±5.27 years) who were well skilled at performing the sequence movements participated in the pretest. During the training period, they imagined the motor task with normal, faster, or slower speeds in the real time, fast and slow groups respectively. The post-test was identical to the pretest. The data were analyzed by one-way variance analysis and t tests. The results showed no time difference between motor imagery duration and physical performance in real time group (P>0.05) while imagery speed decrease in slow group was not significant when compared with their own physical performance in the pretest (P>0.05). Fast group accelerated their mental imagery in the training period (P<0.05). The comparison between pretest and post-test by paired t test revealed that karate athletes improved the time of their performance after the real time and fast imagery (P<0.05). However, slow imagery had no effect on post-test performance (P>0.05). Also, independent t test results showed no significant difference between the effect of real time and the fast imagery (P>0.05). It seems that mental imagery in real speed of action and fast imagery had the advantage to improve the performance duration compared with the slower imagery. In conclusion, mental image speed is an important factor in motor imagery and it is suggested that it should be controlled by the athletes.
Narges Abdoli; Nasrin Parsaei; Hassan Rohbanfard
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of combined observational and shadow practices on learning dart throwing skill. 60 female high school students (17-19 years old) who volunteered to participate in this study were selected and randomly assigned to 5 groups after pretest: observational, ...
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The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of combined observational and shadow practices on learning dart throwing skill. 60 female high school students (17-19 years old) who volunteered to participate in this study were selected and randomly assigned to 5 groups after pretest: observational, shadow, physical, combined (observational-shadow) and the control. During the acquisition phase, the practice groups practiced 60 trials of dart throwing skill based on the specific instructions for each group. 10 minutes after the acquisition phase, immediate retention/transfer tests were conducted and after 24 hours of detraining, delayed transfer/ retention tests were carried out. ANOVA with repeated measures (P=0.05) revealed that practice groups had significantly better performances than the control group (P>0.05). Also, physical and combined groups had significantly better performances than the observational and shadow groups (P<0.05). The combined group enjoyed learning equal to physical practice (P<0.05). Overall, the results indicated that combined observation and shadow practices resulted in learning equal to physical practice. These findings suggest that as this practice method can be applied anytime and anywhere with minimum requirements, it can reduce the educational time and costs and even it can be replaced by physical practice under specific circumstances.
Sogand Ghasemzadeh; Nayereh Naghdi; Gholam.Ali Afrooz
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effect of games and activities based on Sher’s Project on slow-paced children’s fine and gross motor skills. The population of the study consisted of all slow-paced children aged between 6 and 8 in the city of Isfahan during the 2015-2016 ...
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The present study aimed at investigating the effect of games and activities based on Sher’s Project on slow-paced children’s fine and gross motor skills. The population of the study consisted of all slow-paced children aged between 6 and 8 in the city of Isfahan during the 2015-2016 academic year. The sample included 30 male slow-paced students selected by the convenience sampling method. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (15 participants) and control (15 participants). To assess their fine and gross motor skills, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) was employed. The experimental group was trained with games and activities based on Sher’s Project during 24 one-hour sessions, and the control group received no training. To analyze the data, SPSS-21 and MANCOVA were used. The results indicated that games and activities based on Sher’s Project affected gross motor skills (P=0.001) and fine motor skills (P=0.001) in slow-paced children. Accordingly, it can be inferred that games and activities based on Sher’s Project are appropriate to improve fine and gross motor skills in slow-paced children and can be used in educational and rehabilitation centers.
Nayereh Shamshiri; Zohreh Meshkati; Rokhsareh Badami
Abstract
Introduction and Purpose: the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sport vision training on accuracy and targeting-interceptive skill quiet eye in children with learning disorder.Methods: In this semi- experimental study with a repeated-measure design, 30 boys aged 7-10 years with learning ...
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Introduction and Purpose: the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sport vision training on accuracy and targeting-interceptive skill quiet eye in children with learning disorder.Methods: In this semi- experimental study with a repeated-measure design, 30 boys aged 7-10 years with learning disorder were divided into sport vision and control groups. In the pre-test phase, participants performed 10 trails to throw and catch task the ball. Acquisition phase have done in eight weeks and three sessions in per weeks. At the end of the last training session, in the post-test phase, in two weeks of detraining in the retention and transfer phases, the participants performed 10 trials to throw and catch task the ball. At each phase, the gaze behavior was recorded by eye tracker system and the throw and catch task performance was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measures with 0.05 significant levels.Results: The results indicated that sport vision training has a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of targeting-interceptive skills and on increase quiet eye period of throw phase. But, other result indicated that sport vision training has not effect on quiet eye of catching phase.Conclusion: In general, the results of the current study emphasize the importance of sports vision training on the performance of children with learning disabilities; However, more research is needed on the effect of sports vision training on gaze behavior according to the type of task (targeting or interceptive).
Hamed Abdolmaleki; Bahram Ghafari
Abstract
Newell's learning stages model is a learning model based on dynamic systems theory which is divided to three stages based on the relationship among learners' degree of freedom. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attention focus of instruction on learning a simple skill (throwing ...
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Newell's learning stages model is a learning model based on dynamic systems theory which is divided to three stages based on the relationship among learners' degree of freedom. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of attention focus of instruction on learning a simple skill (throwing darts) and a complex skill (non-dominant foot chip shot). Thestudyconsistedoftwoexperiments. In thefirst experiment,24male studentsofUniversity of Tehran were instructed tothrow darts. Participantsweredivided into two groupsbased onpretest scores, and thenone group received internalfocusinstructionsand the otherexternalfocus instruction. Results showed that external attention focus was more beneficial when learning the skill of throwing darts. In the second experiment, 24 male students of University of Tehranwere instructedto perform non-dominant foot chip shot skill. Participants were divided into two groups based on their pretest scores, and thenone groupreceived internalattention focusinstructionsand otherexternalfocus instruction. The results showed that internal focus of attention was more beneficial when learning the non-dominant foot chip shot. Results of this study suggested that it was more useful to adopt an internal focusin skills whose coordinative structures have not yet formed.
Janbaba Aghayinejad; Salar Faramarzi; Mohamad Karimi
Abstract
Psychological findings show that a lower IQ score than the normal level is notenough to recognize someone as mentally retarded. In addition they have visibleand specific difficulties in their adaptive behaviors. Research on adaptivebehaviors is useful for those with specific needs and if mentally retarded ...
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Psychological findings show that a lower IQ score than the normal level is notenough to recognize someone as mentally retarded. In addition they have visibleand specific difficulties in their adaptive behaviors. Research on adaptivebehaviors is useful for those with specific needs and if mentally retarded childrenwant to adapt themselves to social life, they should improve their adaptivebehaviors. The current study aimed at determining the effect of a period of regularexercise activity on the improvement of adaptive behavior in 9-15-year-oldeducable mentally retarded students in Lordegan city. From 156 educable mentallyretarded students, 28 students were selected randomly and divided into two groupsof experimental (7 boys and 7 girls) and control (7 boys and 7 girls). Vinlandadaptive behavior Scale (1965) was used as the pretest. Then, the experimentalgroup took part in a period of exercise activity as an intervention program for 2months, 3 sessions every week, 45 minutes per session. The data were analyzed bycovariance using SPSS software (P˂0.05). The results showed a significantdifference between the performance of the two groups in adaptive behavior andsub-skills of socialization, communication, locomotion, dressing self-help, generalself-help and eating self-help (P<0.05) while there was no significant difference insub-skills of occupation and self-direction which showed that a period of regularexercise activity had an effect on the improvement of some sub-skills of adaptivebehavior in experimental group. This approach can be used in rehabilitation andinstruction of mentally retarded children.
Maryam Lotfi; Jalal Dehghanizade; Fateme Sadat Hosseini
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of focus of attention on learning dart throwing in mentally retarded children.In this quasi-experimental study, 22 mentally retarded boys (age 10-12 years old) were randomly selected according to IQ (50-70) and were assigned to two homogenous attention ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of focus of attention on learning dart throwing in mentally retarded children.In this quasi-experimental study, 22 mentally retarded boys (age 10-12 years old) were randomly selected according to IQ (50-70) and were assigned to two homogenous attention (internal, external) groups after the pretest and a training session according to the obtained scores, age and IQ. The subjects practiced in 5 blocks and each block 8 throws. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and ANOVA were used to analyze data. In retention phase, both groups increased accuracy in their throwing (P=0.044). Variability (P=0.044) and throwing accuracy (P=0.047) decreased due to the training. In transfer phase, internal focus group could not transfer skill to new conditions while variable group succeeded to transfer their skill to new conditions. Also, external focus group had lower variability (P=0.049) and higher accuracy (P=0.048) than internal focus group. According to the findings, external focus group was able to retain and transfer skills to new situations which confirmed constrained action hypothesis (Wulf et al., 2001) in mentally retarded individuals.
Farnaz Torabi; Matine Razavi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fine motor skills on stereotyped movements of children with autism aged 7 to 15 years in Khomein in 1399. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 children with autism were selected by available sampling method from Khomein Sustained Autism Rehabilitation ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fine motor skills on stereotyped movements of children with autism aged 7 to 15 years in Khomein in 1399. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 children with autism were selected by available sampling method from Khomein Sustained Autism Rehabilitation Center. Then the subjects were randomly divided into two control groups (n = 10) with mean age (10 ± 16/3) and mean height (118 ± 42/23) and mean weight (42 ± 16/7) and experimental group (n = 10) With mean age (12 ± 79/2) and mean height (116 ± 67/34) and mean weight (38 ± 34/8). The experimental group received 15 sessions of 40 minutes (three sessions per week) of fine motor skills training, and the control group performed their daily activities during this period. The Gilliam (Garz) autism test was used to assess stereotyped movements. Data analysis was performed by Leven, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and multivariate variance at the significant level of P
Saeed Arsham; Arash Saidi; Farhad Ghadiri
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the interactive effect of caffeine and attention focus on the postural stability in subjects with different levels of physical activity. 20 male students were divided into two equal groups (physically active and inactive) by the international physical activity questionnaire. ...
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The aim of this study was to determine the interactive effect of caffeine and attention focus on the postural stability in subjects with different levels of physical activity. 20 male students were divided into two equal groups (physically active and inactive) by the international physical activity questionnaire. Their postural sways were gathered from a force plate system during two 30-second trials with a 1-minute rest interval with no interventions in the pretest and in internal attention focus (attention to the lower extremity) and external attention focus (attention to a point on the front wall) conditions. On the second day of the experiment, subjects in both groups received 5 mg of caffeine per kg of body weight and the postural stability test was conducted under internal and external attention focus conditions after 30 minutes. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures at α=0.05 showed significant increases in the postural sways of both groups in internal and external conditions. Also, the caffeine intervention significantly increased the postural sways of both groups in internal and external conditions. Furthermore, active subjects showed less postural sways in different conditions than the inactive group. Regardless of the focus of attention, caffeine causes more postural sways in both groups with different levels of physical activity through affecting the sympathetic system and increased muscle contractions and tremor. In future studies, other factors such as individual differences in response to caffeine intake or its effect on tasks along with postural disturbances should be considered.
Shima Abdolrahman Chapari; Mohammad Vaez Mousavi; Ali Kashi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare instructor-based and parent-based interventions on motor development in 7 to 10 years old children with developmental coordination disorder. Participants consisted of 84 girls and boys from 8 elementary school at 4, 8 and 13 Tehran educational zones; they were ...
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The purpose of this study was to compare instructor-based and parent-based interventions on motor development in 7 to 10 years old children with developmental coordination disorder. Participants consisted of 84 girls and boys from 8 elementary school at 4, 8 and 13 Tehran educational zones; they were screened by developmental coordination disorder questionnaire, then randomly divided into three groups: instructor-based, parent-based, and control. Two experimental groups carried out skills training for 12 weeks consisting, 36 sessions, each session 45 minutes. All participants were assessed before and after interventions with Movement Assessment Battery for Children; Second Edition. The result of MANCOVA and ANCOVA tests showed that both experimental groups significantly in the total score of motor development (p≤0.05) and its components (manual dexterity, balance, aiming and catching) had higher score than the control group (p≤0.017), and of course Instructor-based group in the aiming and catching subscale had better performance than parent-based group (p≤0.05), that demonstrates positive impact of group environments. In summary, although both interventions help to improve motor development in children with developmental coordination disorder, instructor based intervention is more beneficial in some of the components of motor development.
Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni; Fariba Hasan barani; Elham Hatamishahmiri
Abstract
Perceptual-motor skills play a vital role in many tasks of daily life and sports skills. The measurement of coincidence anticipation timing ability is a method to evaluate perceptual and perceptual-motor skills. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the role of different ...
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Perceptual-motor skills play a vital role in many tasks of daily life and sports skills. The measurement of coincidence anticipation timing ability is a method to evaluate perceptual and perceptual-motor skills. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the role of different organism, task and environment constraints in coincidence anticipation timing accuracy. For this purpose, 30 female adolescents (17-15 years old), young (20-40 years old) and elderly (60-80 years old) participated in 4 tests of coincidence anticipation timing. The tests included a coincidence anticipation timing task with green (1), blue (2), red (3) color background and an additional environment constraint (4) and participants had to coincide with the arrival of the stimulus in the target point and press the corresponding key. For data analysis, mixed ANOVA (3*4), 4 one-way ANOVA and 3 ANOVA with repeated measures were used for each group with adjusted Bonferroni. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in test 1, 3 and 4 (P≤0.0125). Also, all groups showed a significant reduction in performance when the background color changed from green to red and the addition of the secondary task (P≤0.017). In addition, results indicated that the elderly group had the weakest performance compared with the adolescent and young groups and the reason might be a weakness in perceptual-motor systems related to age increase. Finally, different coincidence anticipation training programs were recommended for athletes, elderly and patients with perceptual-motor system weakness.
Ali Habibi; Ahmadreza Movahedi; Maryam Nezakat; Shahin Jalali; Jalil Moradi
Volume 2, Issue 2 , July 2010
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to study the matching of the competitiveness trait and kind of training condition when learning a sport skill (basketball free throw). 60 male university students (age 21.76±1.5 years) participated in this study and were divided into two homogeneous groups based on their ...
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The purpose of this study was to study the matching of the competitiveness trait and kind of training condition when learning a sport skill (basketball free throw). 60 male university students (age 21.76±1.5 years) participated in this study and were divided into two homogeneous groups based on their pretest scores. As a result, four training groups were used in this study. Sport Orientation questionnaire (reliability coefficient: 0.90) was used to determine the subjects’ competitiveness and non-competitiveness trait. The questionnaire was confirmed by Bahram. Groups performed the criterion task in a competitive and non-competitive condition for 10 sessions (15 trials each session). The basketball free throw test (EEHPERD) and Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) were used to gather the data. Posttest was performed after the final session and retention test 10 days after the posttest. To analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measures, ANOVA and post hoc tests were used at a=0.05. The results showed that competitiveness subjects performed better in the competitive condition and non-competitiveness subjects performed better in the non-competitive condition. The findings also showed a significant decrease in the retention test in the non-competitive condition group. The results of this study supported Zone of Optimal Function (ZOF) hypothesis and Interactionism approach.
Ali Jalili; Masoud Hussainchari
Volume 2, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of explaining psychological resilience based on self-efficacy in athlete and non-athlete university students. A sample of 403 (198 females and 205 males) athlete and non-athlete university students, who were selected via purposive sampling procedure, ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of explaining psychological resilience based on self-efficacy in athlete and non-athlete university students. A sample of 403 (198 females and 205 males) athlete and non-athlete university students, who were selected via purposive sampling procedure, completed resilience and self-efficacy scales. Regression analysis, one-way ANOVA, and t test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that self-efficacy was the positive significant predictor of resilience. Athletes and non-athletes had different patterns to predict psychological resilience by self-efficacy. Also, it was revealed that athletes scored higher than non-athletes in resilience while there was no significant difference among athletes of different sport fields. Also, there was no significant difference in resilience between males and females. The present article ended with a discussion of findings and suggestion of more research in this area.
Rasoul Arabi; Mohammad Keshtidar; Mohammadesmaiel Afzalpour; Jafar Khoshbakhti; Mohammad Rahimi
Volume 2, Issue 1 , April 2010, , Pages 25-44
Abstract
In the past 10 years, the amount of research conducted on psychological aspects of sport injury has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to predict the burnout according to the self-determined motivation in Iranian elite handball players before and after the injury. The subjects were 28 injured ...
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In the past 10 years, the amount of research conducted on psychological aspects of sport injury has been increasing. The purpose of this study was to predict the burnout according to the self-determined motivation in Iranian elite handball players before and after the injury. The subjects were 28 injured elite handball players who did not participate in competitions for 4 weeks due to their injuries. Participants completed Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1999) and an athletic burnout questionnaire (Raedeke & Smith, 2001) at the beginning of the competitive season. Paired-sample t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Multiple regression test were used to analyze the data (P
Borhanadin Ghari; Hasan Mohammadzadeh; jalal Dehghanizade
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two instructional approaches (game based and traditional) on physical activity, self-determined motivation and physical activity enjoyment in university students who participated in physical education classes. This study was semi-experimental. The ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two instructional approaches (game based and traditional) on physical activity, self-determined motivation and physical activity enjoyment in university students who participated in physical education classes. This study was semi-experimental. The participants included 30 male university students (mean age 20.67±1.72 years) who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups: game based instruction and traditional instruction. They participated in 18 sessions (for 6 weeks and 3 sessions a week) of basketball. The data were collected by the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time, Beurer pedometer, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, and Self-Determination Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, ANCOVA, and RANCOVA were used for analysis of data. The results showed significant differences between game based and traditional groups in the duration of moderate to high intensity physical activity and the number of steps (P≤0.001). There were no significant differences in physical activity enjoyment and a sense of competence between game based and traditional groups; But there were significant differences between two groups in autonomy (P≤0.001) and belonging (P≤0.013).The results showed that game based instructional approach can enhance physical activity level and quality of motivation of university students in physical education classes.
Mohsen Paknejad; Kamal Darani
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2009, , Pages 117-142
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to show types and extent of offensive behaviors at soccer stadiums and to test the relationship between personal factors, spectators, verbal behavior of stadium executives and staff, sport media biases, modeling from famous team spectators, refereeing the matches, and win-oriented ...
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The purpose of this study was to show types and extent of offensive behaviors at soccer stadiums and to test the relationship between personal factors, spectators, verbal behavior of stadium executives and staff, sport media biases, modeling from famous team spectators, refereeing the matches, and win-oriented spectators with offensive behavior of the spectators. A total of 727 researcher-made questionnaires were randomly distributed and collected in last 10 sensitive matches of Iran soccer premier league using cluster sampling. Correlation coefficient and multi regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results showed that verbally offensive behaviors such as motto against players and fans of competitors and trumpet on streets were more prevalent than violence. Causes of spectators' offensive behaviors were analyzed and discussed.
Abolfazl Shayan; Hamideh Iranmanesh; Mehdi Yazdanpanah; Mohammad Ali Dowlati
Abstract
Introduction: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein that is highly expressed in the structures of the central nervous system and affects synaptic plasticity and the acquisition of motor and cognitive skills. This is while val66met polymorphism disrupts the amount and expression of BDNF. ...
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Introduction: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein that is highly expressed in the structures of the central nervous system and affects synaptic plasticity and the acquisition of motor and cognitive skills. This is while val66met polymorphism disrupts the amount and expression of BDNF. So, in the present study, the researchers aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphism on the learning of a motor sequence task.Methods: One hundred students from Kashan University (mean age 21.60 ± 2.60) participated in the study. After extraction of Genomic DNA, implementation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by forwarding primer 5-ACTCTGGAGAGCGTGAAT-3 and reverse primer 5-ATACTGTCACACACGCTG-3, analyzing PCR by 1.5 percent Electrophoresis Gel, and eventually, DNA sequencing by Sequencing Analyzer, 46 participants were identified without the polymorphism and 54 participants were identified met-carriers (affected by the polymorphism). Then, retention, visual-spatial transfer, and motor transfer of the motor sequence task were tested by the Dynamic Arm Movement Task.Results: Results showed people without the polymorphism progressed faster than met-carriers and also performed the task better on the retention test (P=0/001). They were also better than met-carriers in the motor transfer test (P=0/001), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the visual-spatial transfer test (P=0/176).Conclusion: It seems that met-carriers, in any way, go through the early stages of motor learning, but due to possible problems caused by the polymorphism, they are weak in completing the learning process.
Hesam Ramezanzade; Marziyeh Doraneh Kord
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional effect of instruction type of attention focus and two methods of learning (errorless and errorful) on performance and learning of dart throwing skill. It is likely that instruction type of attention focus has a different effect on performance ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the interactional effect of instruction type of attention focus and two methods of learning (errorless and errorful) on performance and learning of dart throwing skill. It is likely that instruction type of attention focus has a different effect on performance when functional difficulty of task changes. 60 female students were randomly assigned to six groups: internal-errorless, external-errorless, control-errorless, internal-errorful, external-errorful and control-errorful. Errorless groups began their practice with low distance from the target and gradually increased the distance. This was opposite in errorful groups. Internal attention groups focused their attention on elbow and wrist of their throwing hand. External attention groups focused their attention on dart board. After pretest, subjects performed 5 blocks (60 trials each block) and participated in retention test after 48 hours. Factor analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed no significant differences between internal and external focus in the errorless groups (P>0.05), there was a significant difference among the groups in errorful learning condition (P=0.043). There was a significant difference between errorless and errorful conditions in internal focus groups (in favor of errorless group) (P=0.012). It seems that the challenging role of practice condition is very important in the effectiveness of instruction type of attention focus. It is recommend that errorless learning should be used when using internal attention focus instruction at the beginning of practice.
Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi; Sima Abdolzadeh
Abstract
The present study aimed at determining the relationship between learning styles and the effect of random and blocked practices on learning of badminton serve skills. In this quasi-experimental study, 48 female high school students were randomly placed in four groups: 1. convergent learning style ...
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The present study aimed at determining the relationship between learning styles and the effect of random and blocked practices on learning of badminton serve skills. In this quasi-experimental study, 48 female high school students were randomly placed in four groups: 1. convergent learning style with random practice, 2. convergent learning style with blocked practice, 3. divergent learning style with random practice and 4. divergent learning style with blocked practice. After the pretest, subjects went through the acquisition phase under specific conditions of each group and then participated in retention and transfer tests. Kolb Learning Styles Questionnaire (KLSI) and French short serve test and Scott and Fox high serve tests were used. ANOVA was used to compare the scores of the four groups. Findings showed differences among immediate retention, delayed retention and learning transfer (P<0.05). Convergent learning style and random practice were more effective than divergent learning style and blocked practice to learn badminton serve skill (P<0.01). Therefore, focusing on the role of learning styles and learning intervention in instructing serve skills gains importance.
Ali Zahiri; Mehdi Shahbazi; Mohammad Reza Kordi; Jamal Fazel Kalkhoran
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of central and peripheral fatigue on motor coordination in collegiate athletes. The population consisted of all the students of Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of University of Tehran and 24 subjects were selected by convenience sampling ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of central and peripheral fatigue on motor coordination in collegiate athletes. The population consisted of all the students of Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of University of Tehran and 24 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups (central and peripheral fatigue) depending on the type of fatigue after a bimanual motor coordination pretest. Bimanual motor coordination posttest was performed after the intervention for 12 hours. In order to investigate the differences between the groups, independent t test and to determine differences within a group, dependent t test were used with the significance level of P≤0.05. Results showed that the mean time to complete the task and the timing error in central (P=0.004) and peripheral (P=0.0001) fatigue groups significantly increased compared with the pretest. Also, a significant difference in bimanual motor coordination between the two groups was observed in posttest (P=0.006). According to the results, it is suggested that athletes' training and working programs should be planned so that they include exercises to increase mental stamina along with physical exercises and that the athletes can provide their optimal performance in different conditions.
Hassan Mohammadzade; Parisa Parsafar; Jalal Dehghanizade
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in expertise in the last decade have received a great deal of attention of researchers. They try to understand how performers are able to deal with complex tasks and overcome limitations to become highly skilled. The aim of this study was to compare gaze behaviors and decision ...
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The mechanisms involved in expertise in the last decade have received a great deal of attention of researchers. They try to understand how performers are able to deal with complex tasks and overcome limitations to become highly skilled. The aim of this study was to compare gaze behaviors and decision making skill among skilled (n=12) and novice (n=12) football players. 24 male football players (age range: 19-25 years old) took part in the study and were divided into two groups of experts and novices. Participants watched images of different situations and provided their prediction of the desired kicks by choosing the right key in the shortest time possible. The number and duration of fixations and the accuracy and speed of decision making were recorded using Eye Tracking and Reaction Time device. The results of ANOVA on decision making skill showed a significant difference between the two groups in their decision making speed and accuracy, but the results of the gaze behaviors showed no significant difference in the number and duration of fixations between the two groups. These results showed that expert players are able to select the appropriate signs of the screen based on a considerable amount of perception. In addition, the results of this study showed that expert players show higher perception of vision and better decision making than novice players.
